Rai, Arti K., and Rebecca S Eisenberg. 2003. "Bayh-Dole Reform and the Progress of Biomedicine." Law and Contemporary Problems 66(1-2).

Abstract

From Introduction:

"Advances in fundamental biomedical research play an important and growing role in the development of new therapeutic and diagnostic products. Although the development of pharmaceutical end products has long been a proprietary enterprise, biomedical research comes from a very different tradition of open science. Within this tradition, longstanding norms call for relatively unfettered access to fundamental knowledge developed by prior researchers. The tradition of open science has eroded considerably over the past quarter century as proprietary claims have reached farther upstream from end products to cover fundamental discoveries that provide the knowledge base for future product development."