Browsing by Author "Faye, Papa"

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Decentralisation, Pluralisme Institutionnel et Democratie Locale: Etude de Cas de la Gestion du Massif Forestier Missirah/Kothiary (Region de Tambacounda, Senegal)
(2006) Faye, Papa
"La decentralisation de la gestion des ressources forestieres a conduit a un foisonnement d'institutions locales du a l'intervention dite ' participative ' d'un projet forestier au Senegal. Aux institutions traditionnelles se sont ajoutees les institutions deconcentrees et les services techniques de l'Etat, les collectivites locales et les institutions mises en place par les projets forestiers, notamment le Programme de gestion durable et participative des energies traditionnelle et de substitution (PROGEDE). Cette etude a cherche a comprendre l'effet de ce pluralisme institutionnel--ce foisonnement de nouvelles institutions--sur la decentralisation et sur la democratisation de la gestion forestiere decentralisee. "La decentralisation a connu des avancees significatives depuis la promulgation des textes de loi sur les transferts de competences vers les collectivites locales (RDS 1996).Cependant, le pluralisme institutionnel ne semble pas vraiment etre favorable a la democratisation au niveau local, car la confrontation des diverses institutions locales issues de logiques et de systemes sociopolitiques divers (decentralisation, deconcentration, coutumes et traditions, intervention des projets ou des Organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) s'est soldee par l'emergence de nouvelles formes de hierarchies socio-politico-administratives au niveau local. "L'intervention du PROGEDE dans le cadre de la gestion decentralisee des forets communautaires a permis, tant soit peu, l'integration de certaines populations autochtones (directement ou par la contractualisation) a l'activite de production du charbon de bois et a contribue a ouvrir leur acces aux recettes relevant de l'exploitation commerciale de ce produit forestier. Cependant, le Comite intervillageois de gestion et de developpement (CIVGD) est apparu comme une institution communautaire autonome disposant de son propre territoire : la Zone amenagee (ZA). Son autonomie face aux organes de la communaute rurale est grandissante, meme si l'esprit de la decentralisation voudrait que toutes les institutions qui interviennent dans l''espace public' local soient subordonnees aux collectivites locales. "Le pluralisme institutionnel s'est egalement traduit par la recuperation des pouvoirs de gestion transferes aux institutions du PROGEDE par les institutions coutumieres, singulierement les chefs de village au detriment de l'institution decentralisee, le conseil rural. Cependant, on peut se demander si l'Etat senegalais n'est pas favorable a la creation de ces situations de renforcement d'autres institutions locales au detriment de la collectivite locale. En effet, certains responsables des institutions deconcentrees (agents forestiers et sous-prefets) exercent des pressions sur les elus locaux pour faire triompher les politiques nationales de gestion forestiere sur les demandes et les besoins locaux. C'est le cas dans l'exploitation du charbon de bois ou l'approvisionnement des centres urbains sert de justification pour la subordination, par certaines autorites deconcentrees, des priorites et des besoins locaux a la politique de l'Etat senegalais. "Cette etude, menee dans plusieurs localites, cherche a definir dans quelle mesure l'Etat et ses services deconcentres ne devraient pas ameliorer la demarche qu'ils ont adoptee vis-a-vis des collectivites locales pour mieux concilier les options du 'local' et celles du 'national', et propose des recommandations dans ce sens."
Institutional Pluralism in Charcoal Chain in a Context of Decentralization in Senegal: The Stakes for Local Democracy
(2006) Faye, Papa
"This study concerns many rural Communities, but it focuses on Missirah. The rural community of Missirah is located in Tambacounda, a forested region in the eastern Senegal. Missirah is the greatest zone of charcoal production of this region. Its communitarian forests are parted into three essential zones: a zone managed by PROGEDE said Managed (ZA-zone amenagee), a non managed zone (ZNA-zone non amenagee) and a zone which is between the hands of forestry agents, controlled production zone (ZPC). The first experimentation of the ZPC is currently happening in Missirah's forests. Patterns of democratic institutional pluralism will be explored through three decision-makings: the signature of the prime license, the 'protocole d'accords' and the 'protocole d'entente'. The prime license is the decision whose validity occurs after the PCR signature. Without it, charcoal production isn't theoretically allowed in the forests of a rural community. The 'protocole d'accords' is an agreement on charcoal production in a rural community which is signed between the president(s) of CIVDG and the forestry operators' president. It is approved by the Sub-Prefect and the Director of regional forestry agency. The 'protocole d'entente') is an agreement signed between the forestry operators' president, the PCR and the Director of the regional forestry agency. "The material analysed in this article is based on interviews, participant observation and surveys we've conducted from the end of June 2004 to December 2005 in many rural communities, especially at Missirah. In addition to that, we have carried out a review of laws and literature on decentralization, PROGEDE's rapid rural appraisal (RRA) reports, and rural councils deliberative PVs. The surveys took place in twelve villages of the rural community of Missirah. Village chiefs, rural councillors, Sud-Prefects, forestry service agents, PROGEDE fellows, committees' members, 'forestry operators', regional council and regional agency of development (ARD) members, and villagers were interviewed in each village. "'Actors-Powers-Accountability' model adopted by Agrawal and Ribot (1999) inspired this analysis. We have found in their model opportunities to determine the powers of each institution -actor- and to see how their nature and origins inform the accountability they hold. We hope to find in task the limits and the advantages of the pluralist management of the massif in the name of decentralization. "The next section deals with decentralization laws review in order to determine the powers transferred, in theory, to each institution. This is followed by a section on the practices of institutional pluralism in the forest administration in Missirah's communitarian forest, particularly through charcoal production decision-making. The links between these two sections is the assessment of theories and practices of decentralization. The subsequent section examines the effects of the institutional pluralism on local democracy establishment and democratic decentralization effectiveness. The last section presents conclusions and their political, economical and social implications, and the recommendations we propose."