Browsing by Author "Irawati, Rika Harini"

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Harnessing the Climate Commons: An Agent-based Modelling Approach to Reduce Carbon Emission from Deforestation and Degradation
(2011) Purnomo, Herry; Suyamto, Desi; Akiefnawati, Ratna; Abdullah, Lutfy; Irawati, Rika Harini
"Humans have created a worldwide tragedy through free access to the global common atmosphere. Forest land use change contributes 18% of greenhouse gas emissions, which cause global warming. The 15th Conference of the Parties in Copenhagen increased political commitment to reduce emission from deforestation and degradation and to enhance carbon stocks (REDD+). However, government sectors, political actors, business groups, civil societies, tree growers and other interest groups at different levels may support or reject REDD+. This paper describes REDD+ dynamics through the following methods: identifying key actors that influence REDD+ policy; categorizing their objectives and interests, types of rationality and policy preferences; pointing out the strategies they used to fulfill their goals and simulating their actions and behaviors with an agent-based modelling approach. Through analysis of actors, arenas and institutions, various possible REDD+ options are explored. The model simulates: (1) how providers are likely to decrease or increase carbon stocks on their landscapes for their livelihoods under ‘business as usual’ institutions; (2) how they are likely to negotiate with potential buyers to implement REDD+, with regards to the involvement of brokers (governments or nongovernmental organizations); and (3) how they are likely to implement REDD+ after the agreement. The model has been/was developed as a spatially explicit model to consider the complexity of REDD+ target landscapes. The simulation results are examined against the 3E+ criteria, i.e. effectiveness in carbon emission reduction, cost efficiency and equity among involved stakeholders and co-benefit of other activities. This study took the Jambi landscape in Indonesia as a case/case study. The results explain why REDD+ works and does not work, who wins and loses, and develops scenarios for REDD+ institutional arrangements which would help to harness the global commons of climate change."
Innovation Diffusion of Producer Institution to Achieve Better Equity in Furniture Industry in Indonesia
(2013) Purnomo, Herry; Suyamto, Desi; Achdiawan, Ramadhani; Irawati, Rika Harini; Shantiko, Bayu; Melati
"Furniture is a culturally rooted industry in Indonesia, where millions of people depend on it. The district of Jepara, Central Java is the center of furniture and carving activities in Indonesia. In many developing countries, the furniture industry is dominated by small-scale enterprises and is buyer driven. Small-scale enterprises adapt their processes and products to follow buyer's demand. Otherwise, they will not survive in the fierce market competition. An individual small-scale producer has low bargaining power against brokers and end buyers in selling their products. An effort to strengthen small-scale producers of furniture in Jepara, Indonesia has been facilitated by the establishment of the Jepara Furniture Small-scale Enterprise Association (APKJ) in 2009. APKJ is an institutional innovation which has organization, rules and activities. The APKJ innovation is attributed by relative advantages, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability. This paper describes how APKJ diffuses to 12 thousand business units through chains of innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. A spatially explicit agent based modeling (ABM) was used to simulate the diffusion of APKJ innovation. The results show an S-curve of innovation diffusion. The theory of complexity as well ABM were useful in understanding common property. Although the model is specific to the Jepara furniture industry, its lessons and conceptual model can be implemented in other parts of the world."
Value Chain Governance and Gender in the Furniture Industry
(2011) Purnomo, Herry; Irawati, Rika Harini; Fauzan, A. U.; Melati
"Indonesian furniture accounts for almost 2% of the global wood furniture trade, which is valued at more than US $135 billion. In many countries, including Japan, European countries and Indonesia, women make decisions about selecting which furniture to buy. However, the role of women workers in the furniture industry has not been clearly identified. In Central Java’s Jepara District, the center of teak-based Indonesian furniture, annual furniture exports to Australia, Europe, Japan and the United States are valued at US $150 million. We use value chain analysis and action research to demonstrate the role and position of women workers in Jepara’s teak value chain, and their struggle to upgrade to more valuable value chains and positions. Though women workers are important in generating revenue, they are paid 50% less than men who work the same hours. They are also less powerful, exercising less control over resources, decision making, product development and bargaining. We further explore different scenarios for upgrading small-scale producers and find that participation in trade exhibitions, training programs and producer associations substantially affect women’s bargaining power in the value chain."