Browsing by Author "Purnomo, Herry"

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Geographic Indications for Javanese Teak: A Constitutional Change
(2006) Dwi, Muhtaman; Guizol, Philippe; Roda, Jean Marc; Purnomo, Herry
"The central issue addressed in this paper is whether Geographic Indication as a tool can be applied to encourage some furniture industries and teak producers to take a collective action in improving teak product quality and increasing global market competitiveness. This paper will explore the possibility of implementing GI on teak as a mean to improve local community rights to manage teak resources, Perum Perhutani revenues and the perception of teak wood products on National and International markets, employment in furniture industry. The paper also discusses the institutional arrangement to enable GI implementation on teak. "After the 1998 financial crisis, Javanese furniture industries experienced a boom but illegal logging in State forest surged as well. Unfortunately this development was disconnected from forest resources capacities. Stakeholders made a living from bad practices and miss-use of forest resources. Due to bad qualities furniture were rejected and wood was wasted. Instead of producing high quality teak products, Java turned into a mass production of cheap furniture for national and international market. As a result wood supply was shrinking, putting today many furniture enterprises and their hundred of thousand employees in jeopardy. Indonesian furniture is getting a bad reputate on international market. "Indonesian people by culture have the perception that teak wood is something special; on world market teak is also the most known tropical species. Other good news: local community enthusiasm to plant teak is growing. Building on this we expect that geographic indications could help maintaining a common interest across the stakeholders. A geographical indication is a sign used on goods that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation that are due to that place of origin and the knowledge of local communities. Most commonly, a geographical indication consists of the name of the place of origin of the goods. Agricultural products typically have qualities that derive from their place of production and are influenced by specific local factors, such as climate and soil."
Harnessing the Climate Commons: An Agent-based Modelling Approach to Reduce Carbon Emission from Deforestation and Degradation
(2011) Purnomo, Herry; Suyamto, Desi; Akiefnawati, Ratna; Abdullah, Lutfy; Irawati, Rika Harini
"Humans have created a worldwide tragedy through free access to the global common atmosphere. Forest land use change contributes 18% of greenhouse gas emissions, which cause global warming. The 15th Conference of the Parties in Copenhagen increased political commitment to reduce emission from deforestation and degradation and to enhance carbon stocks (REDD+). However, government sectors, political actors, business groups, civil societies, tree growers and other interest groups at different levels may support or reject REDD+. This paper describes REDD+ dynamics through the following methods: identifying key actors that influence REDD+ policy; categorizing their objectives and interests, types of rationality and policy preferences; pointing out the strategies they used to fulfill their goals and simulating their actions and behaviors with an agent-based modelling approach. Through analysis of actors, arenas and institutions, various possible REDD+ options are explored. The model simulates: (1) how providers are likely to decrease or increase carbon stocks on their landscapes for their livelihoods under ‘business as usual’ institutions; (2) how they are likely to negotiate with potential buyers to implement REDD+, with regards to the involvement of brokers (governments or nongovernmental organizations); and (3) how they are likely to implement REDD+ after the agreement. The model has been/was developed as a spatially explicit model to consider the complexity of REDD+ target landscapes. The simulation results are examined against the 3E+ criteria, i.e. effectiveness in carbon emission reduction, cost efficiency and equity among involved stakeholders and co-benefit of other activities. This study took the Jambi landscape in Indonesia as a case/case study. The results explain why REDD+ works and does not work, who wins and loses, and develops scenarios for REDD+ institutional arrangements which would help to harness the global commons of climate change."
Innovation Diffusion of Producer Institution to Achieve Better Equity in Furniture Industry in Indonesia
(2013) Purnomo, Herry; Suyamto, Desi; Achdiawan, Ramadhani; Irawati, Rika Harini; Shantiko, Bayu; Melati
"Furniture is a culturally rooted industry in Indonesia, where millions of people depend on it. The district of Jepara, Central Java is the center of furniture and carving activities in Indonesia. In many developing countries, the furniture industry is dominated by small-scale enterprises and is buyer driven. Small-scale enterprises adapt their processes and products to follow buyer's demand. Otherwise, they will not survive in the fierce market competition. An individual small-scale producer has low bargaining power against brokers and end buyers in selling their products. An effort to strengthen small-scale producers of furniture in Jepara, Indonesia has been facilitated by the establishment of the Jepara Furniture Small-scale Enterprise Association (APKJ) in 2009. APKJ is an institutional innovation which has organization, rules and activities. The APKJ innovation is attributed by relative advantages, compatibility, complexity, trialability and observability. This paper describes how APKJ diffuses to 12 thousand business units through chains of innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority and laggards. A spatially explicit agent based modeling (ABM) was used to simulate the diffusion of APKJ innovation. The results show an S-curve of innovation diffusion. The theory of complexity as well ABM were useful in understanding common property. Although the model is specific to the Jepara furniture industry, its lessons and conceptual model can be implemented in other parts of the world."
State Forest Land Management after Deforestation
(2006) Purnomo, Herry; Guizol, Philippe
"Global annual rate of deforestation is 13 million ha. Deforestation is mostly located in Southeast Asia, Africa and Latin America. Logging concessions exploit pristine forests in one particular region and then move to another region. Boom-and-bust of logging concessions, with complex credit network, left behind deforested and degraded land, communities with less livelihood opportunities and deeply weakened local institutions. Then wood supply shortage causes the decline of wood-based industries and finally creates massive unemployment in wood industries itself. In Indonesia current statistic shows that at least 60 million ha of State forest are unmanaged. "This land degradation is not the result of a 'tragedy of the commons' but the result of a brutal destruction of former local institutions by the concession systems on state land, which created open access. Based on a large body of field research, scholars criticized this 'tragedy of the commons' theory. They showed that such tragedy outcome is much more unlikely to happen where resources users are able to communicate and develop agreements about the use of the resources and where local users got the opportunity to build their own institutions related to the resources use. "Some government in Asia already attempted to improve the forest management on State land by providing more rights to local people. Chinese and Philippines governments allocated right to manage land to communities to plant trees. In result, the reforestation in China and community forestry in Philippines produces some success stories. By contrast in Indonesia, the government is implementing large national reforestation program without giving rights to manage to local communities. Evidence of failures of this program, which targets 3 millions ha during 2003-2007 in the form of social movement, is already observed. "We tested the following hypothesis, based on the current knowledge about renewable resource management: Indonesian government would give more chance to its own reforestation program by allocating long term rights (and duties) to local communities to manage deforested lands. This right allocation would have multiplier effects: it would benefit the communities, reduce social conflict, fulfill future wood demand, and by consequence also secure future employment in wood industries. "At the national level, we figured out scenarios and policy interventions which would be feasible under the current existing system (Structure-Institution-Actors). Our first results indicate that about up to 12 million permanent jobs could be created by giving more rights to local communities. At the local level, we observed that approaches to revitalized village and district institutions such as developed in our 'Leveling the Playing Field' (LPF) project are feasible. This European Union funded approach aims to improved stakeholders' coordination through facilitating communication, learning, institution building; thus, building on previous research about common pool resources management we expect to find the way to create better conditions for forest management. Such approach can be used to rebuild local institutions after they were affected by irresponsible logging concessions."
Value Chain Governance and Gender in the Furniture Industry
(2011) Purnomo, Herry; Irawati, Rika Harini; Fauzan, A. U.; Melati
"Indonesian furniture accounts for almost 2% of the global wood furniture trade, which is valued at more than US $135 billion. In many countries, including Japan, European countries and Indonesia, women make decisions about selecting which furniture to buy. However, the role of women workers in the furniture industry has not been clearly identified. In Central Java’s Jepara District, the center of teak-based Indonesian furniture, annual furniture exports to Australia, Europe, Japan and the United States are valued at US $150 million. We use value chain analysis and action research to demonstrate the role and position of women workers in Jepara’s teak value chain, and their struggle to upgrade to more valuable value chains and positions. Though women workers are important in generating revenue, they are paid 50% less than men who work the same hours. They are also less powerful, exercising less control over resources, decision making, product development and bargaining. We further explore different scenarios for upgrading small-scale producers and find that participation in trade exhibitions, training programs and producer associations substantially affect women’s bargaining power in the value chain."