Browsing by Author "Sadoulet, Elisabeth"

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Common Pool Resource Appropriation under Costly Cooperation
(1998) McCarthy, Nancy; Sadoulet, Elisabeth; de Janvry, Alain
From p. 4: "In the analysis that follows, we consider the CPR to be community pasture land where community members choose the optimal number of animals to stock. This allows us to use a linear-quadratic specification of the production function that has been widely used in studies of livestock weight gain. In section 2, we develop the model of costly cooperation when community members are identical. We then consider in section 3 the case where heterogeneity comes from differential production costs across members. In section 4 heterogeneity results from differential constraints on capacity to stock animals. Section concludes with a discussion of some policy implications of the model."
Endogenous Provision and Appropriation in the Commons
(1998) de Janvry, Alain; McCarthy, Nancy; Sadoulet, Elisabeth
"When a resource is under common property, access is restricted to members of the community, creating the potential of avoiding the tragedy of the commons that characterizes resource use under open access. Serious difficulties remain, however, in managing the resource in a way that is socially optimum because of the rival nature of appropriation by individual members. Achieving the social optimum requires either inducing a non-cooperative behavior by individual members that mimics what cooperative behavior would dictate, or inducing cooperative behavior. A number of set ups have been identified where the first holds, for instance when the payoffs correspond to a chicken game, an assurance game, or tit-for-tat, or the Folk Theorem in repeated games."
From State-Led to Grassroots-Led Land Reform in Latin America
(1998) de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth; Wolford, Wendy
From Conclusion: "We have argued in this paper that the legacy of state-led land reforms has left two major tasks incomplete: (1) providing access to the land for the rural poor, particularly the landless and minifundists, in situations where other routes out of poverty are socially more costly, and (2) securing the competitiveness of land reform beneficiaries on their individualized parcels. We have explored how new approaches to land reform and to rural development that rely heavily on the role of GROs and NGOs, show promise in completing these tasks."
Recrafting Rights over Common Property Resources in Mexico
(2003) Muñoz Piña, Carlos; de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth
"In this paper, we turn to Mexico's recent experience with re-crafting property rights over its extensive CPRs as a unique opportunity to analyze in great detail, both qualitatively and quantitatively, the determinants of the endogenous evolution of land rights. In that country, the peasant-led revolution of 1910 resulted in an extensive process of land reform that distributed half of the nation's agricultural land to 29,162 peasant communities called ejidos. Members of these communities (called ejidatarios) received access to an individual land parcel, principally cultivated in crops, and to land held in common property, mostly kept in pastures and forests. In ejidos where agriculture is practiced as shifting cultivation, all land is often held communally."
The Role of Risk Targeting Payments for Environmental Services
(2005) Alix-Garcia, Jennifer; de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth
"This paper discusses the gain in efficiency from including deforestation risk as a targeting criterion in payments for environmental services (PES) programs. We contrast two payment schemes that we simulate using data from Mexican common property forests: a flat payment scheme with a cap on allowable hectares, similar to the program implemented in several countries, and a payment that takes deforestation risk into account. We simulate the latter strategy both with and without a budget constraint. Using observed past deforestation, we find that while risk-targeted payments are far more efficient, flat payments are more egalitarian. We also consider the characteristics of communities receiving payments from both programs. We find that the risk-weighted scheme results in more, though smaller, payments to poor communities, and these payments are more efficient than those to non-poor ejidos. In the flat scheme, payments to poor and non-poor are equal, though they receive less of the budget than in the more efficient program."
Seven Theses in Support of Successful Rural Development
(1996) de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth
"During the last decade, the economic, political, and institutional context for rural development has changed markedly in most developing countries with the general achievements of economic recovery following implementation of adjustment policies, transition to more representative forms of governance, and consolidation of a thick web of civil society organizations. This context creates new perspectives to address the urgent problem of extensive rural poverty and to put into place successful programs of rural development. There has also been considerable experimentation with a new participatory and decentralized approach to rural development, grounded on the role of organizations in civil society and decentralized governance, that departs radically from the previous state-led integrated approach to rural development. These experiences were pursued in a dispersed and all too often loosely rationalized fashion by a number of NGOs and international organizations, most particularly IFAD (the International Fund for Agricultural Development, a member of the United Nations). While every country and, in fact, every particular social group needs specific programs, there are a number of broad principles that can be derived from these experiences. Cautioning against facile generalizations and stressing at the outset that adaptation to every particular situation is essential, we explore in this note seven broad theses for successful rural development following this approach in the economic, political, and institutional context that currently characterizes most developing countries."