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All Our Eggs in One Basket: On Egg-Sharing Institutions on the North-Norwegian Coast
(1994) Sandberg, Audun
"In the western world most of the earlier institutions of collective property have given way to individual appropriation and possession. In a long perspective this can be seen as a consequence of the advancement of romanist legal doctrines during the last 2000 years. During the last 200 years this process has been further accelerated by the emerging nation-states and to a large extent it is the state that has promoted the institutionalisation of individual rights. When, despite these massive social forces, institutions based on collective rights still persist in parts of the western world, it is analytically important to investigate these and their relationship to social processes in what has been termed the age of High Modernity."
The Bionomic Model, Individual Transferable Quotas and Self-Governing Fishery Institutions
(1994) Schlager, Edella
From Introduction: "In the fields of fisheries management and fisheries economics there remains a fundamental puzzle. The policy recommendations derived from economic models are rarely voluntarily adopted by coastal fishers, whereas policies that economic analysis demonstrate to be inefficient are, often times,voluntarily adopted by coastal fishers. Two conclusions may be drawn. First, fishers are ignorant, or, if not ignorant, trapped in cultural or economic systems that prevent them from adopting more efficient forms of management. Second, fishers know something that policy analysts have thus far failed to grasp. In this paper, I focus upon the second conclusion. The models that most economic analyses rest upon, fail to capture critical aspects of the fishery environment. In particular, such models fail to account for the various common-pool dilemmas that fishers experience, and they fail to explain the various institutional arrangements that fishers have adopted."
Democracy, Social Capital and Unity of Law: Some Lessons from Italy about Interpreting Social Experiments
(1994) Sabetti, Filippo
"The failed expectations engendered by the experience of postcolonial regimes in Africa as in most of Latin America, the unanticipated collapse of totalitarian parties and regimes in Eastern Europe and the difficulties of consolidating self-governing institutions there, together with renewed attempts aimed at strengthening, or 'reinventing', government in established democracies in other parts of the world, have all given added importance to how we interpret social - experiments. Three major interpretative strands of political theory and policy analysis can be identified in discussions of democratic development. One strand, derived from the history of the growth of representative government, has tended to focus on social and economic conditions as essential requisites of democratic development. A second, of a more diffusionist kind, has tended to ground explanations in questions of political crafting among political actors on all sides. A third strand, with a longer intellectual lineage in the history of political inquiry, has sought modern answers to the ancient question of 'Which values and norms tend to produce good government or successful polities? Each interpretation can be used to illuminate the inadequacies of the others. The path to democratic development set by the Anglo-American experience (if it is possible to speak of a single experience) is not the only way; political crafting, and not civic culture as such, can motivate incumbents and nondemocratic actors to accept democracy. At the same time, while successful transitions to democracy can occur without social and economic preconditions and without the social capital of civic traditions, the consolidation of democratic political practices cannot depend on political crafting and elite accommodation alone, or be confined to one level, usually national."
The Illogic of Arithmetic in Resource Management: Overpopulation, Markets and Institutions as Explanations of Forest Use in the Indian Himalayas
(1994) Agrawal, Arun
"This paper analyzes some determinants of natural resource use by focusing on forests in the Indian Himalayas. I address one of the most controversial issues related to resource management: how, and to what extent, do population pressures affect resource use? I examine this question by analyzing the relative impact of three different variables: population levels, market forces, and institutional arrangements. In the process of investigating the relative significance of variables such as population, markets, and institutions, the paper contributes to the literature on the commons, and the decentralized management of land based natural resources. In highlighting the significance of institutional arrangements in resource management, it undermines Neo-Malthusian accounts of resource scarcity, degradation, and carrying capacity. It is perhaps best to travel to these more general issues by beginning from Kumaon--the region in the Indian Middle Himalayas where the research was conducted."
Individual Choice in Common Pool Resource Environments: An Experimental Approach
(1994) Dudley, Dean
"This study investigates observed appropriator input employment in an experimental CPR environment. The focus is on whether an appropriator's input employment in the CPR is consistent with any of the predictive models that assume privately rational appropriators or with the predictive model that assumes socially rational appropriators."
Informal Credit Markets and Economic Development in Taiwan
(1994) Tang, Shui-Yan
"Taiwan is a case which shows how informal credit markets help to compensate for the limitations of the formal financial system, especially in satisfying the needs of medium and small enterprises. Government regulations and policies affect the way participants in informal credit markets solve selection, enforcement, and incentive problems. Recent changes demonstrate the continued resilience and relevance of informal credit markets during a process of financial liberalization."
Institutional Arrangements for Provision and Production of Parking Services in Pusan City
(1994) Kim, In
"This article deals with parking problems of highly motorized Pusan City which is the second largest in Korea, and has 4,000,000 inhabitants. Parking services are partly provided by city government and partly by 'Gu' government which is a basic local government unit. This is because of dual local autonomy system in large city in Korea. At any rate, Pusan city is troubled with many transportation problems, such as severe traffic congestion, inconvenience of using mass transit, high rate of traffic accidents, noise and air pollution, and parking difficulty. In fact, as those problems are interconnected with each other, we could not find any relevant resolution without considering those problems systematically. There is some difference in degree of severity and importance of those problems by the means and facilities of transport. This paper deals with parking problems in the context of finding solutions to the transportation transport problems of Pusan City."
Inventors and Intellectual Property in Agriculture
(1994) Korzycka-Iwanow, Malgorzata
"The traditional legal notion of public property is: that which is in the public domain or is subject to public trust, res nullis (things without an owner) and res communis (things belonging to all). In particular, the air, the sea and outer space have historically been considered as res communis - incapable of individual ownership, and therefore inappropriable, indivisible, imprescriptible and inalienable. "Traditionally, plants and animals were considered as res nullis, appropriable by all and susceptible to destruction. This mandated their protection and management in the common interest. "The common factors are that: utilization must be peaceful, access must be open to those who have that right who, in turn, must respect the rights of others; sharing must be equal; and owing to its indivisible character, administration of that which is res nullis must be in the interest of the common welfare."
Laboratory Experiments as a Tool for Institutional Analysis and Design
(1994) Wilson, Rick K.; Herzberg, Roberta
"This paper offers our own response to Vincent Ostrom's call for a research program. We are keenly aware of the need for institutional analysis and for practical advice in natural settings. At the same time, we are quite concerned with making certain that we understand the theoretical foundations of the IAD framework. We feel that essential elements of that framework be subject to rigorous empirical test--tests that allow us to be certain about our causal claims. To accomplish these ends, we rely on a different methodology from most. Our focus is on formal models of institutions. Our analysis is primarily analytic, although we turn to laboratory experiments to provide empirical corroboration or refutation for those models. "We feel that laboratory experiments are similar in kind to the social experiments called for by Vincent Ostrom. In these experiments we are able to build (largely) self-contained systems ~ complete with their own cultures and institutions. By systematically changing institutional components we can develop a sense of how institutional variations affect individual behavior and in what ways. However, given that there is literally an infinity of institutional variations (even with relatively simple institutions), we rely on theoretical models to guide us to those institutional features which are most promising for study. We have chosen a particular methodology with which to probe the boundaries of the IAD framework and with which to generate corroborating findings."
The Local Groundwater Economy in Los Angeles County, California
(1994) Blomquist, William
"The governance and management of water use in the United States generally, and in southern California in particular, are not organized as an ideal legal-rational centralized administration or as a perfectly competitive private market. This fact poses challenges to analysis that the local public economies (LPE) framework developed at the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis helps to resolve. "The LPE framework enlarges the possibilities for descriptive and prescriptive analysis of interorganizational relations. It is based on the idea that an understanding of current arrangements is an important prerequisite to the issuance of prescriptions for reform. That view, which has informed work on metropolitan area governmental organization (e.g., ACIR, 1987), suggests that analysts 'begin to search for the nature of the order which exists in the complex of relationships among governmental units and abandon the assumption that all of these relationships are unique or random.' By searching for 'the nature of the order which exists' and 'an analysis of how the system works,' (Ostrom and Ostrom, 1965: 138) one can arrive at descriptions of current arrangements. Discussion of shortcomings and recommendations for improvements can follow, while the ultimate evaluations of the performance of public officials and governmental structures are left to citizens."
Martin Luther King's 'Letter From the Birmingham City Jail': Agape, Interest, and Justice
(1994) Allen, Barbara
"On Good Friday, April 12,1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. was arrested and placed in solitary confinement, charged with defying an Alabama Court injunction prohibiting protests and marches for racial equality in Birmingham. During his confinement, King wrote the 'Letter from the Birmingham City Jail,' responding not only to this arrest, but to an open letter written earlier in the day by eight fellow clergy. The Alabama rabbi and ministers criticized the civil rights protests, proclaiming them as untimely, unwise measures, that were led by outsiders and precipitated violence. Synthesizing nearly a decade of his civil rights activism, King answers these charges, offering a carefully crafted analysis of civil disobedience. The 'Letter' can be examined from two distinct perspectives, the contractarian theory of liberal democracy and the concept of community found in Christian theology. Before the 'Letter' can be claimed by either tradition, scholars must reconcile these different facets and the aspects of King's life and work that they represent. Civil disobedience is understood in contractarian theory as a corrective to unjust constitutional institutional arrangements, a position best reflected in the work of John Rawls. Rawls treats Martin Luther King, Jr.'s 'Letter from the Birmingham City Jail' as an archetypal illustration of civil disobedience's role in a contractarian account of justice. More than a historical example of liberal theory in action, however, King's protest and the 'Letter' convey a shared religious heritage, indicating limitations in the contractarian expression of human justice and its interpretation of the 'Letter.' By introducing a conception of justice that is not simply based on human calculation, King encompasses Rawls's definition of citizen rights and obligations, yet broadens the contemporary contractarian idea of justice."
No Experiments, Monumental Disasters: Why it Took a Thousand Years to Develop a Specialized Fishing Industry in Iceland
(1994) Eggertsson, Thráinn
"Iceland has been renowned for its rich fisheries since the Middle Ages, attracting fishing fleets from various European countries. Yet the institutions of premodern Iceland permitted ocean fishing only as a part-time activity of farmers and trapped the country in abject poverty until late in the 19th century. Landed interests, who feared competition in the labor market, tied labor to the land. The domestic constraint, which would not have sufficed in an open economy, was complemented by the Danish colonial policy of isolation and monopoly trade. A vigorous fishing industry emerged with the introduction of free trade."
Social Dilemmas: Externalities, Sparse Institutions, and Behavior
(1994) Walker, James M.
"This paper is organized around four principal sections. In the next two sections, the laboratory decision situation, theoretical benchmarks, and summary observations are presented for the public goods and common-pool resource environments. Following this summary discussion, a closer look is taken at individual decisions in these two environments. Following the discussion of experimental results, issues related to differences in behavior across these two social dilemmas situations are addressed."
Social Identity and Cooperation in the Commons: Evidence and Reflections from a Field Study
(1994) Pomeroy, Caroline
"Among factors found in laboratory studies to enhance cooperation in social dilemmas is shared social identity (e.g., Brewer and Kramer 1986). In experiments simulating social dilemmas of both common pool resource (CPR) use and public goods (PG) provision, individuals have cooperated more when their identity with others in the situation is made salient. Evidently, shared social identity can lead individuals to view others' interests as similar to their own, and to consider others' well-being in their decisions regarding the use and provision of shared resources. In an empirical setting such as a common pool fishery, shared social identity would be expected to enhance cooperation in terms of both resource use and provision and maintenance of institutions for coordinating that use. Yet evidence from the laboratory of a relationship between two variables does not insure that such a relationship holds in field settings. As Feeny notes, however, experimental research provides an ideal environment to ascertain the efficacy of selected factors under controlled conditions, to then enable testing under more realistic conditions in the field."
Unintended Consequences of Purposive Action and the Provision of Welfare
(1994) Berge, Erling
"The paper argues that unintended consequence ought to be a central concept in planning theory. In particular unintended consequences for a target population of the provision of welfare goods, are considered interesting. It is argued that two insufficiently recognized sources of difficulties for the provision of welfare lie, on the one hand, in consumer-consumer interactions and, on the other hand, in citizen-citizen interactions inherent in the process of providing welfare. To improve the performance of public policy measures, the planning of the various welfare goods must take into account how the substance of the process involved shapes these interactions producing unintended consequences. "In order to bring both unintended consequences and substance into planning theory it is necessary to find a way of classifying the substance as well as the unintended consequences of welfare programs. This is done by classifying the substance of welfare programs, the welfare goods, into private-, public-, club-, and positional- goods. Then the various unintended consequences are shown to be related to different types of consumer-consumer or citizen-citizen interactions. "The conclusion is that before a welfare planner can say anything about which measures may be appropriate for a particular welfare program, the planner must analyze the substance of the program and the likely interactions among the relevant target populations."

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