Journal Article

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Khumbu: Country of the Sherpas
(1967) Willan, R.G.M.
"For many years the highest mountain in the world remained unconquered. During the 1920s and 1930s numerous expeditions attempted to climb the huge peak called Mount Everest by English geographers but without success; at last in 1953 the news was flashed to the world that the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Sherpa Tenzing Norgay had set foot on the summit. Long before this, however, members of the various climbing expeditions in the Himalayas had become acquainted with the Sherpas who live in the high country below Everest, a people of Tibetan origin who are believed to have crossed the high passes of the Himalayas into the region now known as Khumbu about two centuries ago."
Sociological Problems and Asian Forestry
(1969) Nowak, K.; Polycarpou, Andreas
"A seminar on social relations in the forestry sector for participants from Asian countries, sponsored by the Swedish International Development Authority, FAO and the Government of Cyprus was arranged in September-October 1969. A preparatory, fact-finding mission to selected countries in the region was undertaken early in 1969."
American Institutions and Ecological Ideals: Scientific and Literary Views of our Expansionary Life-style are Converging
(1970) Marx, Leo
"The chief question before us, then, is this: What are the prospects, given the character of America's dominant institutions, for the fulfillment of this ecological ideal? But first, what is the significance of the current 'environmental crusade'? Why should we be skeptical about its efficacy? How shall we account for the curious response of the scientific community? To answer these questions I will attempt to characterize certain of our key institutions from an ecological perspective. I want to suggest the striking convergence of the scientific and the literary criticism of our national life-style. In conclusion I will suggest a few responses to the ecological crisis indicated by that scientific-literary critique."
Territories of the Lobstermen: Good Ocean Boundaries Make Good Neighbors... and Vice Versa
(1972) Acheson, James M.
"The rules for lobster fishing territories are especially critical because they control access to the lobsters and because they have important ecological implications at a time when some parts of the marine resource are being over exploited. "Growing up in an inland area of Maine, I was for a long time vaguely aware that territoriality existed among lobstermen. Only recently, however, did I find evidence of these territorial rules and investigate them systematically."
The Tropical Rain Forest: A Nonrenewable Resource
(1972) Gomez-Pompa, A.; Vazquez-Yanes, C.; Guevara, S.
"There is a popular opinion that the tropical rain forests because of their exuberant growth, their great number of species, and their wide distribution will never disappear from the face of the earth. "On the other hand, it has often been stated that the tropical rain forests (tall evergreen forests in tropical warm and humid regions) around the world must be protected and conserved for the future generations. It has also been stated that it is most important that knowledge about the structure, diversity, and function of these ecosystems has priority in future biological research. Unfortunately, either these voices have not been heard or their arguments have not been convincing enough to promote action in this direction. "It is the purpose of this article to provide a new argument that we think is of utmost importance: the incapacity of the rain forest throughout most of its extent to regenerate under present land-use practices."
Factor Rents, Sole Ownership, and the Optimum Level of Fisheries Exploitation
(1972) Copes, Parzival
"In the literature of fisheries economics there is a noticeable preoccupation with the phenomenon of resource rent dissipation. The common property nature of most fishery resources-with the attendant free entry of labour and capital-gives rise to 'problems' of 'overfishing'. If at any given level of fishing effort the resource should yield a rent to the marginal operator, additional factor inputs of labour and capital will be attracted that will depress the catch per unit of effort and lower returns to all operators. This process will continue until the revenue per unit of fishing effort is reduced to the level of its marginal opportunity cost. Thus the rent attributable to the resource, that formerly accounted for the excess of revenue over marginal opportunity cost, is eliminated."
Minor Forest Products: Their Total Value is of a Major Order
(1974) Robbins, S.R.J.; Matthews, W.S.A.
"The authors give a survey of minor forest products which are significant in the economies of tropical lands in particular. These include turpentine from pines, perfumery oils from roots, stumps and fruits of various tree species, and gums and exudates which go into products as different as confectioneries and golf balls. There are also spices, medicines, dyes and tannins. Most minor forest products are export currency earners and many are well suited for local processing industries."
Thailand's Forest Villages
(1974) Samapuddhi, Krit
"The forest village system, developed by Thailand's Forest Industry Organization, offers hill tribesmen and others who practice slash and-burn agriculture considerable inducements to settle down. One of its principal aims is to keep a steady labour force on hand for the long-term needs of forestry, while at the same time providing rural families with an income and other benefits from the kind of farming they choose to practice."
Where Forest Reserves Improve Agriculture
(1975) Adeyoju, S. Kolade
"The creation of forest reserves in the tropics can have a good effect on the quality of agriculture. The same people who destroy forests in order to carry out low-yield farming and grazing can be persuaded into better ways through sensible forest reserve policies. The author draws on Nigeria's experience."
Land Use and Tenure in the Tropics
(1976) Adeyoju, S. Kolade
"Tropical peoples are predominantly dependent upon agriculture for their livelihood. The prospects of significantly altering this economic pattern by bringing it to a level comparable with that of industrialized countries are, in the short run, not promising. It is therefore evident that overall development must include - indeed often must begin with activities that require and use land on a fairly large scale. Without the production of a surplus in agriculture and other rural enterprises, industrialization cannot occur, unless alternative sources of foreign exchange earnings are available from the export of minerals. However, the global consequences of 'mineral warfare' in recent years indicate quite clearly that over-dependence on exportation or importation of minerals is fraught with unpredictable hazards and sophisticated forms of blackmail. While it is desirable to have a diversity of resources and it is also necessary to prefer one type of economic activity to another, there is as yet no rationale for excluding agricultural development either in the developed or developing countries. The reasons for giving increasing attention to the agricultural sector, including forestry, are both explicit and compelling."
Southern California Recreational and Commercial Marine Fisheries
(1976) MacCall, Alec D.; Stauffer, Gary D.; Troadec, Jean-Paul
"This work should provide significant information for the formulation of positions and plans for regulatory agencies managing these resources. We have attempted to avoid making recommendations regarding the course of future exploitation of southern California fish resources except for the determination of approximate limits of sustainable yields and lower limits on age at first capture. However, where resources are or appear to be exploited beyond maximum sustainable yield, reduction of catch and/or effort is strongly recommended."
Competitive Uses of Wildlife: A Cameroon Wildlife Officer Tells How Policy Turned to Practical Management
(1977) Balinga, Victor S.
"In developing countries in particular wildlife may have to serve a number of needs, some of which may be in competition with each other. This article deals with how the Government of Cameroon comes to terms with these problems."
Symbiosis of Agriculture and Forestry
(1978) Huguet, Louis
"It is generally agreed that when genus Homo first appeared on earth, the greater part of the planet was covered with forests. At that time, man was a food-gatherer, living by hunting, fishing and gathering the plant materials he needed for survival. Then, he developed agriculture, learning to use fire, felling tools and simple farming implements which enabled him to clear forests and to cultivate systematically. This development, of course, moved at different rates in the various climatic zones of the world. In fact, still today, in the tropical forests of Latin America, Africa, and Asia, there are many who live at or near the aborigine level."
Value Added, Margins, and Consumer Expenditures for Edible Fishery Products in the United States 1976-78
(1979) Penn, Erwin S.; Crews, Wenona J.
"The presentation in value terms of the basic estimates in this study makes it possible to produce analogous figures that can be compared with gross national product value of other industries, and total and per capita expenditures for other food products."
Oyster Seed Hatcheries on the U.S. West Coast: An Overview
(1979) Clark, Jerry E.; Langmo, Donald
"Oyster production in the United States has been diminishing for nearly 80 years. Natural disasters (including disease and predation), pollution, siltation, and land reclamation projects have all contributed to the decline. Present U.S. production is not even equal to what once came from the Chesapeake Bay alone."
Agri-Silviculture in Tropical America
(1979) Weaver, Peter
"Agri-silviculture is a production scheme that supplies wood, foodstuffs and/or animal products from a single management unit where good agricultural practices are complemented by the judicious use of trees. Such a unit could be a farm, a small community or a portion of a watershed. Despite its numerous benefits, agri-silviculture should not be seen as a substitute for intensive agriculture or forestry on any given terrain. Trees compete for light and water, and unless properly managed, can reduce marketable produce. Agri-silviculture is best viewed as one means to keep certain slopes in permanent production or to rehabilitate lands degraded by poor agriculture practices."
Social Forestry in India
(1979) Pant, M.M.
"In India, a conceptual distinction has been drawn between production forestry (so far confined mainly to reserved forests) and social forestry (scattered land wherever tree-growing is possible). Social forestry is, in effect, an integral part of the Gandhian philosophy of economic growth and community development. Imagine an economy in which the present idle land and water resources, owned by individuals or communities, are harnessed for better purposes by putting to work unemployed people. The social benefits thus generated and the additional resources so created may serve as stepping stones toward self-sufficiency. The objectives of social forestry as defined by the National Commission on Agriculture (NCA, 1976) are: (a) supply of fuelwood to replace cow dung; (b) supply of small timber; (c) supply of fodder; (d) protection of agricultural fields from wind and soil erosion; and (e) creation of recreational amenities. Its main components are: farm forestry, rural forestry, and urban forestry. Broadly speaking, their objectives are almost identical, the differences being too subtle, but worth examining."
An Investigation of Cree Indian Domestic Fisheries in Northern Quebec
(1979) Berkes, Fikret
"Domestic or subsistence fisheries of the eastern James Bay Cree. were studied, mainly in Fort George, by direct observation. These fisheries were characterized by large numbers of participants, low catches per day and per fisherman, but high catches per length of net used, as compared to commercial fisheries. Most stocks appear lightly utilized, but in the vicinity of larger settlements there is evidence that some stocks are overfished. The total catch may be increased by distributing the fishing effort more evenly over a larger area. Fish resource base of the region appears suitable for supporting local economic development with respect to recreational fisheries and native-run commercial fisheries for the local market, as well as maintaining the domestic fishery."
Composition of Catches Made by Anglers Fishing for Summer Flounder, Paralychthys Dentatus From New Jersey Party Boats in 1978
(1979) Christensen, Darryl J.; Clifford, Walter J.
"Anglers were interviewed while fishing for summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, along the New Jersey coast from party boats. Mean seasonal catch rates for full-day and half-day anglers were 3.15 and l .86 summer flounder per man per trip, respectively, from 19 June to 1 September 1978. Other fish species made up less than 10 percent of the catch. A total of 828 summer flounder were measured and ages were determined for 427 specimens. Analysis of the age-length data indicates that /I +, 1Jf +, lV +, V +, and >V + age summer flounder made up 4.3, 73.0, 20.3, l.8, and 0.6 percent of the catch, respectively."
Can Farming and Forestry Coexist in the Tropics?
(1980) Spears, John S.
"Five World Bank financed projects, from Malaysia, Colombia, Kenya, Indonesia and the Philippines, are examined from the point of view of how they answer human needs for the kind of sustainable forestry and farming that are harmonious with tropical forest ecosystems."
Agri-Silviculture in Uganda: A Case for Kachung Forest
(1980) Chaudhry, Mohammed Azfal; Silim, Salim
"Agri-silviculture is a production technique which combines the growing of agricultural crops with simultaneously raised and protected forest crops. This practice, called agri-forestry, has been in existence in various primitive forms since man learned to clear forests and cultivate land, and has different names in different parts of the world. In western and central Africa, the age-old habit of swidden agriculture, or 'shifting cultivation,' involving continued destruction of forest areas by cutting and burning and then raising the agricultural crops on the ashes of the destroyed forest, seems to be the beginning, however crude, of this practice."
Community Forestry Depends on Women
(1980) Hoskins, Marilyn W.
"The women spoke of species of trees which were preferred for firewood and of other relations between trees, soil, water, and crops. They obviously had a wealth of knowledge about the place of trees in their environment because they had grown up using these resources. They also had concerns about the local and national loss of ground cover resulting in impoverished soil and in diminishing forestry production. They were frustrated because they felt that the needs, the knowledge and the concerns of women and, therefore, of families had not been considered in the design of policies and programmes."
Substitutes for Wood: Turning to Coal and Other Approaches to Easing the Pressure on Fuelwood Resources
(1980) Foley, Gerald; van Buren, Ariane
"Gerald Foley and Ariane van Buren are with the International Institute for Environment and Development, London. They were engaged by FAO to prepare a report bearing the title of this article for the Technical Panel on Fuelwood and Charcoal for the United Nations Conference on New and Renewable Sources, Nairobi, August 1981. This article is an edited version of their report."
A Review of Some Pelagic Fish Stocks in Other Areas
(1980) Troadec, Jean-Paul; Clark, W.G.; Gulland, J.A.
"In addition to their immediate interest for a better utilization of fish resources, investigations into the factors that determine the collapses frequently observed in pelagic fisheries have a direct bearing on the understanding of some of the key problems which fishery science is facing today, namely, the determination of the shape and variability of the stock-recruitment relationship and its effects on the longterm, natural variability of fish stocks."
When an African City Runs Out of Fuel
(1981) Chauvin, Henri
"Ouagadougou, capital of Upper Volta, has a critical situation. Surrounding tree cover is disappearing. Imported oil is out of the question. Wood and charcoal will have to come from distant places. Ivory Coast forests may provide the answer."
Fisheries Exploitation Off Canada's West Coast: The Effects of National Policy
(1981) Copes, Parzival
"Over the past three decades there has been a manifold increase in the exploitation efforts applied to the world's marine fish stocks. By the end of the 1960s there were clear signs of biological overfishing for many of the more desirable and accessible stocks; annual catches were declining despite increasing fishing efforts. Recognition of this irrational use of the world's fish resources led to attempts at corrective action in two spheres. Domestically, several countries introduced management measures that regulated fishing efforts, with the aim both of conserving stocks and of improving economic returns to the fishing industry."
Fuelwood Production in Traditional Farming Systems
(1981) Ben Salem, B.; Van Nao, T.
"The history of fuelwood in the developing world illustrates the dependence of rural communities on forests and trees. Over time there has been a build-up of fuelwood shortages, with new problems continually arising for rural people in meeting their daily fuelwood requirements. At the same time, environments, under conditions of scarcity, have deteriorated. Should these trends continue, in certain parts of the world the very survival of populations will be in jeopardy. The reasons for the existence of this situation are well documented. Growing population pressure has usually been recognized as the most important single factor. But whatever the relationship between the trend in human population and increasing fuelwood shortages and environmental deterioration, it must be noted that the relationships among rural forestry, traditional farming activity and the role and potential of rural forestry have for a long time been neglected or ignored. Not only could forestry provide sufficient fuel and other goods and services essential to rural populations, but it could also contribute to stabilizing the foundations of food production systems and to stopping or reversing the impoverishment of the rural environment as a whole."
Women and the Energy Crisis in the Sahel
(1981) Ki-Zerbo, Jacqueline
"Firewood gathering is women's work. When a man does it, he is subservient to his wife, unless he uses a vehicle a cart, a motor bike, even an automobile. Then he is demonstrating that wood is a rare and valuable commodity worthy of male interest!"
Why is it so Difficult to Grow Fuelwood?
(1981) Noronha, Raymond
"Foresters have to be willing to understand people and to put that understanding into the design and management of their projects. Whether woodlots are accepted or rejected by villagers depends upon realities that are social, cultural, economic and locally political."
Plantations in the Sahel
(1981) Keita, J. D.
"The Sahel is threatened with a medium-term ecological crisis that stems mainly from bad agricultural and pastoral practices. Faced with this crisis - which includes serious shortages of fuelwood for household needs - foresters have reacted by establishing plantations of exotic species of trees for fuelwood needs. These plantations are designed to be set up and maintained with machinery for clearing land and working the soil. Machinery will have to be imported and the machines in turn will require imported fuel, all to be paid for with scarce foreign exchange. The question is, will not Sahelian forestry consume too much energy for the sake of creating energy? It is not a simple question to answer. Its answer, which this article attempts to give, may also be useful beyond the Sahel, anywhere in the world where similar ecological, economic and human factors exist in combination."
Village Industries vs. Savanna Forests
(1981) Mnzava, E.M.
"Rural industries in many parts of the third world run on wood. Curing tea, smoking fish, brick and pottery making, brewing and baking are typical. They are all expanding. Tanzania is an example of a country where wood-energy needs are on a collision course with the natural environment."
Orienting Forestry toward the Needs of People
(1982) Worou, L.; Nao, Tran Van
"The village forests programme of a UNDP/FAO project in Benin aims to provide fuelwood, timber and fodder, to increase soil fertility through nitrogen-fixing species and to provide examples of multi-purpose forestry for demonstrations."
Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: How Fast is it Occurring?
(1982) Fearnside, Philip M.
"Estimates of how much of the Brazilian Amazon's rainforest has been cleared, and how fast this process is presently occurring vary sharply. Even more striking are the differences in interpretation of how fast forest clearing is likely to be in the future, and whether present trends are a cause for concern. It is important to examine available information on present rates and likely trends for the region as a whole, and to examine in greater detail the deforestation process in one of the current foci of felling activity: the Federal Territory of Rondonia."
Preliminary Impacts of the James Bay Hydroelectric Project, Quebec, on Estukarine Fish and Fisheries
(1982) Berkes, Fikret
"Flow alterations related to hydroelectric development have affected both the fish stocks and the Cree Indian subsistence fishery in the lower LaGrande River, northern Quebec. Evaluated against several years of baseline data, thei nitial biological impact of the project on fish populations, mostly whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and cisco (C. artedii), appeared to be relatively small. Nevertheless, fishing activity in the lower river and the estuary largely ceased from 1979 to 1981, due to physical modifications of traditional fishing areas and other social and economic effects related to the hydro project. Some fishermen modified their methods and continued harvesting in the affected area, but others abandoned the affected area and fished lakes and rivers along the recently constructed road network. It is concluded that earlier impact assessments fell short of predicting these impacts."
The Non-wood Products of African Forests
(1982) Poulsen, Gunnar
"African dependence on forests for the needs of everyday life tends to be ignored by many development officials. The forest provides an abundance of essential foods and pharmaceutical products' wood and fibres of all kinds and the environment for wild and domestic animals that people need."
Hunter Valley Wetland Birds Raise Conservation Issues
(1983) Maddock, Max
"The last few years, particularly 1982-83, have been exciting times for ornithologists in the Newcastle area. Unusual seasonal conditions in the area, coupled with Australia wide drought have resulted in remarkable surges in the population of water birds frequenting the Lower Hunter estuary wetlands and have again caused focus to be turned to controversial issues. Egrets have returned to nest after having ceased breeding in the area in the early 1970’s, this time to establish a rookery close to a built-up area within the city boundary. The first recorded Australian sighting of the Hudsonian godwit, a North American wader, on Kooragang Island, the breeding of black swans in suburban lagoons, a visit to these same lagoons by a jabiru, and the arrival of the rare freckled duck and large flocks of glossy ibis have been just some of the highlights. These occurrences have attracted attention Australia wide. The arrival of the godwit in early 1983 brought more than 100 bird enthusiasts to Newcastle from as far afield as Queensland, Northern Territory and Victoria, as well as other New South Wales centres, hoping to catch a glimpse of the rare visitor amongst the hoses of migratory waders on the mud and sand flats of Kooragang Island. This island, which has been established to carry a population of between 10,000 and 20,000 birds, is well known to Australian naturalists. It has even attracted attention overseas because of the threat of encroaching industrialisation to the wintering habitat of some 190 species, with an article in the New York Times of September 14, 1974, entitled 'Australian Factory Site Would Peril Bird Migration.'"
The State of Forestry in Asia and the Pacific
(1983) Rao, Y.S.; Chandrasekharan, C.
"Following the 15th FAO Regional Conference in New Delhi (March 1980), three significant FAO meetings on forestry issues in the Asian region were held: the fifth session of the Committee on Forestry, a meeting of the Committee on Forest Development in the Tropics, and the 11th session of the Asia-Pacific Forestry Commission. At these meetings two interrelated issues were discussed: increasing population pressure on a limited supply of land and the widespread depletion or degradation of forest cover and its effect on future supplies of forestry goods and services. Participants noted that wood will remain an important housing material in rural areas of Asia and that the majority of rural people will continue to depend on fuelwood as their primary energy source. Hence, rural forestry activities constitute an important source of income and employment. In the future, participants felt, forestry policies in this region should consciously be directed toward alleviation of poverty through rural development. In doing so, they should integrate productive, protective and social objectives. One social goal, equity, could be used to reinforce a strategy of growth based on active and voluntary participation of the people living in forest communities."
Medicine Trees of the Tropics
(1983) Levingston, Robin; Zamora, Rogelio
"Medicinal plants play an important role in the lives of rural people' particularly in remote parts of developing countries with few health facilities. Tropical forests are the source of a large proportion of the world's recognized medicinal plants. It is variously estimated that there are between 200000 and 700000 species of tropical flowering plants. Such a wealth of identified species, which have been in no sense thoroughly investigated, constitutes an enormous potential source of plant-derived chemicals useful to man."
Smallholder Tree Farming in the Philippines
(1983) Hyman, Eric L.
"The increasing awareness of the importance of forestry to the economic, social and environmental well-being of developing countries has prompted international aid agencies and governments to look for new ways to encourage tree farming. One way to do this is to remove the financial constraints caused by lack of credit that make it difficult for small, private landowners to establish tree farms even if the potential profits are large. In conjunction with the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP), the World Bank selected this market-oriented approach for two tree-farming projects. This analysis is based on a survey of participants and interviews with officials."
Mangroves: What are they Worth?
(1983) Christensen, Bo
"The mangrove forests of the Indo-Pacific areas have a richer flora than those of the American and West African areas, with 63 species, widely distributed. Mangroves are favoured by a humid tropical climate, partly because high rainfall is usually accompanied by silt-laden rivers forming suitable mudflats. They arc generally well developed in estuaries. Mangrove trees also grow on extremely arid coasts where they may assume special importance as the only woody vegetation present-and on coral or rocky islands. In the humid tropics, Rhizophora may attain heights of more than 40 metres."
Using Farm Trees for Fuelwood
(1983) Poulsen, Gunnar
"One of the foundation stones of forest management is forest mensuration - comprising primarily stocktaking of the standing volume of wood and assessment of the growth rate. The basic data for calculating volume are: diameter at breast-height (dbh), the height of the marketable part of the trunk or measurement to the top of tree, and the number of trees per unit area. The current annual increment is found by combining the volume figures with additional parameters for diameter and height growth. The motive for writing this article and for starting by describing the commonly used method for surveying forest resources is a nagging doubt concerning the suitability of this method for assessing the productive potential (in terms of wood) of farm trees and drawing conclusions on this basis concerning the wood supply situation, the need for afforestation, etc."
Running Cattle Under Trees: An Experiment in Agroforestry
(1984) Pottier, Dirk
"Under the right conditions, beef and timber can be raised simultaneously on the same parcel of land. A two-year agroforestry experiment conducted in Western Samoa showed promising results but also pointed to some problems that need to be addressed in the future."
Forestry Extention: Community Development in Nepal
(1984) Pelinck, E.; Manandhar, P.K.; Gecolea, R.H.
"Community forestry is the development of awareness, knowledge and responsibility for forestry in communities that will benefit from the presence of nearby forests and trees. Such activities as the management of existing forests as a resource, grass-cutting for stall-feeding from plantation areas and the introduction of efficient wood-fuel stoves will produce quick ret suits and therefore encourage an early and sustained interest in community forestry. The present article describes strategies and programmes that, as a whole or in part, could apply to many developing countries. Most of these examples are based on experiences gained in the Government of Nepal's three year old Community Forestry Development Project, which is supported by the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and FAO."
Women, Wood and Work: In Kenya and Beyond
(1984) Thrupp, Lori-Ann
"The fuelwood crisis is discussed in the context of broader issues relating to poverty and land use, in which women are involved. Kenya is taken as a case study to illustrate the potential and limitations of tree-planting projects. The National Council of Women of Kenya is one of the major women's networks in a country with a strongly developed national network of women's organizations. It has developed a strong and active tree-planting programme with 2 major components - the Green Belt movement and tree nursery development. The latter is a social forestry project; by 1982 there were over 50 nurseries and the project is expanding. A broader role is urged for women in decision-making and in wider political and economic influence."
Standing Up for Trees: Women's Role in the Chipko Movement
(1984) Jain, Shobita
"The Chipko Movement has attracted world-wide attention. The image of poor, rural women in the hills of northern India standing with their arms around trees to prevent them being cut down is a romantic and compelling one. The reality, in many ways, fits the image: the Chipko Movement can indeed be considered an important success story in the fight to secure women's rights, in the process of local community development through forestry and in environmental protection. But there are more com plicated implications as well. It is important to understand the history of Chipko and the context in which it arose - and is still evolving."
Honduras: Women Make a Start in Agroforestry
(1984) Wiff, Mercedes
"COHDEFOR is the Honduras Forestry Development Corporation, whose promoter had recently presented the farmers with a new system to be used in working the very eroded and, in some cases, bare highlands of the settlement. The help he had offered consisted mainly of cereals for food, and farm implements for the construction of terraces and the reforestation of some areas. The men of the settlement had not shown any interest, since they were busy working the valley lands and were distrustful of anything new. Despite this, they agreed to give a plot of land to each woman to try. María and nine of the other farm women knew that these very steep lands would be hard to till in the manner they were used to. They also knew that every day firewood was becoming scarcer and more expensive. But they decided to try, first on Doña María's land and later on that of the others. This, then, was the reason for her insisting on paying them herself if the technicians did not do so: she was perfectly aware of the greater possibilities of this new way of working. It was, besides, a challenge to show that women could accomplish something different from their household duties."
Why Agroforestry Needs Women: Four Myths and a Case Study
(1984) Fortmann, Louise; Rocheleau, Dianne
"In agroforestry projects, the involvement of women is essential in project definition, design and implementation. Yet women still, for the most part, are being excluded from involvement. Authors Fortmann and Rocheleau, after looking at four myths that are responsible for the exclusion of women from project participation, describe the purposes and results of the Plan Sierra Development Project in the Dominican Republic. This project, among its other accomplishments, clearly demonstrated possibilities for the employment and training of women in agroforestry."
Methodological Issues in the Corporation Redux
(1984) Appell, George N.
"I welcome the opportunity to define more precisely the issues about which Brown and I have been amiably arguing for almost 15 years."
Community Forestry: Building Success through People's Participation
(1985) Rao, Y.S.
"Forestry management in the past considered only the protective and productive roles of the forest. Now, largely through the birth of the concept of 'community' or 'social' forestry, it is seriously beginning to consider the forest's social role as well. In this article, Y.S. Rao provides a succinct and clear definition of community forestry, outlines what is needed to make it succeed, and discusses the constraints under which it operates at present. Implementing community forestry, he argues, will require nothing less than a radical restructuring of forestry's traditional policies, practices and institutions."
Tanzanian Tree-Planting: A Voice from the Villages
(1985) Mnzava, E.M.
"Once the need to plant trees - whether for fuelwood, food, fodder, shelter, income or environmental protection - is accepted and made a part of government planning, methods must be found to make such an effort successful. E.M. Mnzava discusses what has worked - and what has not worked -in the United Republic of Tanzania in this regard. If the Tanzanian experience can be summarized in one simple statement, it is this: listen very carefully to what the villagers themselves have to say."
Agroforestry Systems: A Primer
(1985) Vergara, Napolean T.
"Classical forestry's failure to win the support of rural communities poses a serious economic and environmental threat. Napoleon T. Vergara proposes a classification of the various subsystems of agroforestry as a step toward a new kind of community forestry."
No Tragedy on the Commons
(1985) Buck, Susan J.
"The historical antecedents of Garret Hardin's 'tragedy of the commons' lie in the common grazing lands of medieval England. The concept of the commons current at that time is significantly different from the modern concept. The English common was not available to the general public but only to certain individuals who inherited or were granted the right to use it. The decline of the commons systems is attributed to widespread abuse of the rules governing its use, land reforms, and the effects of the industrial revolution. The traditional commons system isn't an example of an inherently flawed land use policy, but of policy which succeeded in its time."
Non-Governmental Organizations--Increasing NGO Involvement in Forestry: Some Implications from Senegal
(1985) Carr-Harris, Jill
"During the International Year of the Forest, 1985, FAO is making a special effort to encourage the participation of non-governmental organizations at the international, regional, national and local levels. This article demonstrates in specific terms how such organizations can play a significant role in forest activities during the Year - and well beyond."
Agroforestry Pathways: Land Tenure, Shifting Cultivation and Sustainable Agriculture
(1986) Raintree, John B.
"Agroforestry is a collective name for land-use systems and technologies in which woody perennials (trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos, etc.) are deliberately combined on the same management unit with herbaceous crops and/or animals, either in some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence. In agroforestry systems there are both ecological and economic interactions among the different components."
Kayan Land Tenure and the Distribution of Devolvable Usufruct in Borneo
(1986) Appell, George N.
"The literature on land tenure among the indigenous peoples of Borneo perpetuates an error with regard to the Kayan system of land tenure. It is stated that among the Kayan no devolvable usufructary rights are created by the clearing of primary forest (e.g. Rousseau 1977:136) and that the Kayan land tenure system is, therefore, like that of the Rungus of Sabah. However, according to my field inquiries the Kayan and Rungus have radically different systems of land tenure. In correcting this misapprehension it will be necessary to review the status of research on land tenure in Borneo and pose critical questions for further research."
The Tree that Purifies Water: Cultivating Multipurpose Moringaceae in the Sudan
(1986) Jahn, Samia Al Azharia; Musnad, Hassan A.; Burgstaller, Heinz
"Suspensions of seed powder from trees and shrubs of the Moringaceae family can effectively be used to clarify water, even turbid water from the River Nile. But species from this family have a variety of other uses as well. Although they show considerable promise for multipurpose use in the tropical belt, little is known about how to cultivate the various species. This article examines different methods of cultivation appropriate to different species - often with surprising results."
Multistoried Agroforestry Garden System in West Sumatra, Indonesia
(1986) Michon, Genevieve; Mary, F.; Bompard, J.
"The agroforestry garden system in Maninjau in West Sumatra is characterized by an intensive integration of forest species and commercial crops, forming a forest-like system. The intimate association of different species provides both subsistence and commercial products which supplement rice production. This complex agroforest is managed by the combination between cultural practices and respect of natural processes of vegetation production and reproduction. It represents a profitable production system and constitutes an efficient buffer between villages and protected forest. It is a good model of association between integration of forest resources and cultivation of cash crops in the form of a sustainable and flexible system."
Forestry in Himalayan Bhutan: An Interview with Dasho Chenkhap Dorji, Former Director of Forests, Royal Government of Bhutan
(1986) Devitt, Jenny
"This interview was conducted for Unasylva in Bhutan by Jenny Devitt, a British freelance journalist who works regularly for the BBC's award-winning Farming World radio series. She also conducted the two shorter interviews included here and wrote the introductory and transitional material. The tiny Himalayan Kingdom of Bhutan pursues an unusual and forward-looking forestry policy, particularly so perhaps for a country rich in forest resources which could be utilized commercially to provide a substantial source of foreign exchange. The Bhutanese place the highest priority on the conservation of their forests and natural resources. Nearly 70 percent of this mountainous kingdom is covered in natural vegetation and forest, ranging from tropical in the south, where a small portion of the country touches on the northern Gangetic plains, to subalpine in the true Himalayas to the north, with the variations of deciduous subtropical, mixed coniferous and deciduous temperate and alpine in between."
Trees, Plants and a Rural Community in the Southern Sudan
(1986) Persson, Janet
"Interdisciplinary planning, community forestry, people's participation, the importance of women in forestry, multipurpose tree species - all of these are pivotal concepts in the new emphasis upon 'forestry for development'. In this article, the importance of these concepts is indirectly but strikingly conveyed in a graphic portrait of a Mödö village in the southern Sudan where trees are an essential element in daily survival. The author, a linguist and a skilled observer, gives us just enough information of a sociological and anthropological nature to indicate how evocative in-depth, forestry-related studies by professionals in these fields might be - and how relevant they could be for planning future forestry activities. As life in this Mödö village is described, we come to appreciate - implicitly - the relevance of community forestry, the value of people's participation in planning and decision-making, and the extent of women's involvement in forestry activities. Finally, it is noteworthy how many examples there are of the many potential uses for a single species of tree."
International Forestry Research Networks: Objectives, Problems, and Management
(1987) Burley, J.
"The formation of cooperative networks the held of forestry research - particularly those designed to strengthen developing country research programmes - is being discussed and recommended with increasing regularity whenever forest researchers or tropical foresters meet. Such research networks have a long history in agriculture but are relatively recent in forestry. Drawing on information and experience from both areas, this article sets out some guidelines for successful research networks and identities some constraints and possible solutions with particular application to forestry."

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