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Book 100 Cartas para Paulo Freire de Quienes Pretendemos Enseñar(Ariadna Ediciones, 2021) Gárate, Francisco; Gárate, Francisco"Tribute book to Paulo Freire on the centenary of his birth. There are 100 letters made by educators from all over Latin America and other parts of the world. The contribution and value of Freire's pedagogical work and its validity in the current context of our countries are recognized."Book 100 Years of Indian Forestry. Volume 1: Souvenir(Manager Government of India Press, 1961) Forest Research Institute"This Souvenir is a brief survey of the growth ol Indian Forest Administration from a small beginning and gives a general picture of its outstanding achievements in various fields during the last 100 years. The period between 1856 and 1864 was one of intense activity in the organisation of Forest Department, and the year 1961 has therefore been selected as a representative year for celebrating the Centenary of Forest Administration."Book 100 Years of Indian Forestry. Volume 2: Forests(Manager Government of India Press, 1961) Forest Research Institute"This volume, 'The Forests', which is a companion volume to the Souvenir issued on 18th November, 1961 to commemorate the Centenary of Forest Administration in India, is intended to give a bird's-eye view of forestry in India at the present time. The forest types of India, the protective, productive and industrial aspects of forestry, forest management and working plans, forest education and research, wild like, etc., have all been briefly reviewed, neccessarily in a restricted compass. It will be seen that the achievements of forestry in India have been remarkable indeed, more so in the context of the handicaps, particularly the apathy of the general public, that impedes progress. It is the hope that these achievements will help to inspire added confidence in the workers in the field and spur them on to fresh efforts in tackling the vast problems before us."Conference Paper 150 Years of Fish Stocking in the Archipelago of Stockholm: Gambling with Ecological and Social Resilience?(2000) Holmlund, Cecilia"The focus of this paper is the evolution between the use of fish stocking, common-pool fish resources, and resource user structures in the Archipelago of Stockholm between 1850-2000. Major drivers for fish stocking include development of hatchery techniques, governmental policy, overexploitation, environmental degradation and urbanization. The dominating management incentive of fish stocking is to counteract uncertainty by creating constant fish catches, thereby supporting sports fishing, tourism and providing local employment. Three major categories of fish stocking are used to attain these goals: new introduction, enhancement or complementation, and supplementation. A new culture-based, mixed-stock, put-grow-and-take fishery has been built-up in the archipelago, focusing on a narrow range of piscivorous food and game species. Consequences of fish stocking include loss of social resilience due to masking effects of ecosystem disturbances, support of user shift from commercial to sport fishery, loss of traditional ecological knowledge, and increasing open-access fishing. Ecological and genetic effects, resulting in loss of functional diversity, risk rendering the archipelago ecosystem less resilient to withstand sudden perturbations. In all, the rapid development and use of fish stocking in combination with the mis-match of temporal and spatial scales between the social systems and nature, has resulted in a spiral effect: fish stocking > new drivers emerging > increasing pressure on managers to release fish > new fish stockings, etc. The short-term and single-species focus among managers and resource users is not consistent with developing an adaptive co-management to secure the future generation of ecosystem services."Book 1912-2012: El Siglo de Los Comunistas Chileno(IDEA-Universidad de Santiago de Chile, 2012) Ulianova, Olga; Loyola, Manuel; Álvarez, Rolando"Compilación de trabajos que recorren distintas épocas, problemas y situaciones vividas por el Partido Comunista de Chile en sus cien años de existencia."Book 1957: El Proletariado Invade Santiago(Ariadna Ediciones, 2023) Thielemann, Luis; Loyola, Manuel"En abril de 1957 se produjo una revuelta social de magnitudes inéditas en la historia de Chile. La proporción de la población involucrada fue inmensa, y partes importantes de la ciudad se vieron por horas y hasta días, fuera de control del Estado. El alba del Santiago metropolitano se iluminó con barricadas en llamas, que no eran sino las señales de la lucha callejera, los saqueos, incendios, y finalmente los fogonazos de las carabinas, fusiles y ametralladoras de policías y militares. Seis meses después, en la zona sur de la ciudad, donde Santiago paulatinamente se iba disolviendo más allá del Zanjón de La Aguada, miles de familias pobres sin casa, ocuparon y se tomaron la ex chacra La Feria, y desde ahí fundaron la actual población La Victoria. Ambos hechos son precipitaciones de procesos complejos de radicalización y politización popular. En conjunto, los hechos del año 1957 conforman un hito de ruptura y salto estratégico en la composición histórica del universo proletario de Santiago."Book 200 Años Después. Los Andes en la Encrucijada de las Independencias. Panamá, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Chile y España(Ariadna Ediciones, 2022) Marchena Fernández, Juan; Cuño Bonito, Justo; Loyola Tapia, Manuel EnriqueEntre los años 2020-2022 se han llevado a cabo diversos eventos conmemoratorios de las independencias nacionales, regionales o locales, sin que se haya efectuado un encuentro que los englobara. Este fue el objetivo del Seminario Internacional 200 años después. Los Andes en la encrucijada de las Independencias (Sevilla, diciembre 2021) que ahora damos a conocer en este volumen. La actividad tuvo por propósito analizar y estudiar en su conjunto los procesos de Independencias en la región Andina y el impacto recíproco de los acontecimientos en España tras la sublevación de Riego en 1820, con el triunfo del liberalismo revolucionario en España y el restablecimiento de la Constitución de Cádiz tanto en la península como en América. Sin olvidar el impacto de la revolución liberal en Portugal en 1820, su influencia sobre la independencia de Brasil y la repercusión de ésta en la región andina. El Seminario estuvo organizado por el Área de Historia de América de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, la Universidad Internacional de Andalucía y el Grupo de Universidades Iberoamericanas La Rábida.Survey 2012 Household Questionnaire: Snowmelt Dependent Systems in the United States and Kenya(2012) Evans, Tom; Cox, Michael; McCord, Paul"Within water-scarce environments, household characteristics such as family size, income, dependence on markets, and influence of external agents, among others, interact with the biophysical environment to produce socio-hydrological outcomes. Livelihood decisions and outcomes not only are dependent on socio-economic factors such as proximity of employment sources and the number of individuals to tend to farming operations, they are also tied to periodicity of rainfall and the reliability of surface water to maintain livelihood operations. As a result, an understanding of both social and biophysical characteristics is essential when examining coupled outcomes within water-scarce environments. In the Mount Kenya region, livelihoods are heavily dependent on the availability of water, whether through rainfall or surface water. To manage this essential resource, irrigation projects have been established on the western and north-western slopes of the mountain. The management committees of these irrigation projects determine water availability during seasonal dry periods, enforce penalties for water misuse, make repairs to damaged infrastructure, and collect membership and maintenance fees. The ability of the irrigation projects to reliably deliver water is essential in determining the agricultural performance of the member households. The 2012 household questionnaire was designed to understand household characteristics, seasonal water availability, irrigation project management, and, most importantly, how these forces combine to create socio-hydrological outcomes. Such outcomes include household food security, agricultural sustainability, and appropriate water use. The 2012 household survey was administered within five formal irrigation projects which used pipe infrastructure and three formal irrigation projects which relied on direct water extraction from rivers rather than pipe infrastructure. A total of 315 households were visited within the eight irrigation projects."Survey 2012 Manager Questionnaire: Snowmelt Dependent Systems in the United States and Kenya(2012) Evans, Tom; Cox, Michael; McCord, Paul"Within water-scarce environments, household characteristics such as family size, income, dependence on markets, and influence of external agents, among others, interact with the biophysical environment to produce socio-hydrological outcomes. Livelihood decisions and outcomes not only are dependent on socio-economic factors such as proximity of employment sources and the number of individuals to tend to farming operations, they are also tied to periodicity of rainfall and the reliability of surface water to maintain livelihood operations. As a result, an understanding of both social and biophysical characteristics is essential when examining coupled outcomes within water-scarce environments. In the Mount Kenya region, livelihoods are heavily dependent on the availability of water, whether through rainfall or surface water. To manage this essential resource, irrigation projects have been established on the western and north-western slopes of the mountain. The management committees of these irrigation projects determine water availability during seasonal dry periods, enforce penalties for water misuse, make repairs to damaged infrastructure, and collect membership and maintenance fees. The ability of the irrigation projects to reliably deliver water is essential in determining the agricultural performance of the member households. The 2012 manager questionnaire was administered to the chairperson of each irrigation project. It was designed to understand attributes of the irrigation projects (such as age of the infrastructure and membership fees), land and water assets of the irrigation project members, agricultural activities taking place within the irrigation project, and the rules and norms that exist within the irrigation project. Questions concerning the rules and norms represented the majority of manager survey questions, as the inner workings of the irrigation projects are revealed through examination of monitoring structures, monetary penalties, participation in project meetings, distribution of water during low flow periods, and coordination with other irrigation projects. The 2012 manager survey was administered within eight irrigation projects."Survey 2013 Care Taker Questionnaire: Snowmelt Dependent Systems in the United States and Kenya(2013) Evans, Tom; McCord, Paul; Dell'Angelo, Jampel"Within water-scarce environments, household characteristics such as family size, income, dependence on markets, and influence of external agents, among others, interact with the biophysical environment to produce socio-hydrological outcomes. Livelihood decisions and outcomes not only are dependent on socio-economic factors such as proximity of employment sources and the number of individuals to tend to farming operations, they are also tied to periodicity of rainfall and the reliability of surface water to maintain livelihood operations. As a result, an understanding of both social and biophysical characteristics is essential when examining coupled outcomes within water-scarce environments. In the Mount Kenya region, livelihoods are heavily dependent on the availability of water, whether through rainfall or surface water. To manage this essential resource, irrigation projects have been established on the western and north-western slopes of the mountain. The management committees of these irrigation projects determine water availability during seasonal dry periods, enforce penalties for water misuse, make repairs to damaged infrastructure, and collect membership and maintenance fees. The ability of the irrigation projects to reliably deliver water is essential in determining the agricultural performance of the member households. The 2013 care taker questionnaire was administered to the care taker (primary maintenance person) of each irrigation project. It was designed to understand aspects of the irrigation project’s infrastructure (e.g., the age of the pipes, the size of household pipes, the number of irrigation lines), water rotation schedules, the role of the care taker in enforcing penalties, and the responsiveness of the care taker in resolving member complaints (such as pipe breakages, clogged lines, and overuse of water). The survey was administered to the care takers of twenty-five irrigation projects on the western and north-western slopes of Mount Kenya."Survey 2013 Household Questionnaire: Snowmelt Dependent Systems in the United States and Kenya(2013) Evans, Tom; McCord, Paul; Dell'Angelo, Jampel"Within water-scarce environments, household characteristics such as family size, income, dependence on markets, and influence of external agents, among others, interact with the biophysical environment to produce socio-hydrological outcomes. Livelihood decisions and outcomes not only are dependent on socio-economic factors such as proximity of employment sources and the number of individuals to tend to farming operations, they are also tied to periodicity of rainfall and the reliability of surface water to maintain livelihood operations. As a result, an understanding of both social and biophysical characteristics is essential when examining coupled outcomes within water-scarce environments. In the Mount Kenya region, livelihoods are heavily dependent on the availability of water, whether through rainfall or surface water. To manage this essential resource, irrigation projects have been established on the western and north-western slopes of the mountain. The management committees of these irrigation projects determine water availability during seasonal dry periods, enforce penalties for water misuse, make repairs to damaged infrastructure, and collect membership and maintenance fees. The ability of the irrigation projects to reliably deliver is essential in determining the agricultural performance of the member households. The 2013 household questionnaire was designed to understand household characteristics, seasonal water availability, irrigation project management, and, most importantly, how these forces combine to create socio-hydrological outcomes. Such outcomes include household food security, agricultural sustainability, and appropriate water use. The 2013 household survey was administered within twenty-five irrigation projects to over 750 households on the western and north-western slopes of Mount Kenya to capture a range of socio-hydrological outcomes.Survey 2013 Management Committee Questionnaire: Snowmelt Dependent Systems in the United States and Kenya(2013) Evans, Tom; Dell'Angelo, Jampel; McCord, Paul"Within water-scarce environments, household characteristics such as family size, income, dependence on markets, and influence of external agents, among others, interact with the biophysical environment to produce socio-hydrological outcomes. Livelihood decisions and outcomes not only are dependent on socio-economic factors such as proximity of employment sources and the number of individuals to tend to farming operations, they are also tied to periodicity of rainfall and the reliability of surface water to maintain livelihood operations. As a result, an understanding of both social and biophysical characteristics is essential when examining coupled outcomes within water-scarce environments. In the Mount Kenya region, livelihoods are heavily dependent on the availability of water, whether through rainfall or surface water. To manage this essential resource, irrigation projects have been established on the western and north-western slopes of the mountain. The management committees of these irrigation projects determine water availability during seasonal dry periods, enforce penalties for water misuse, make repairs to damaged infrastructure, and collect membership and maintenance fees. The ability of the irrigation projects to reliably deliver water is essential in determining the agricultural performance of the member households. The 2013 management committee questionnaire was administered to the management committee of each irrigation project. Management committees typically consist of a chairperson, vice-chairperson, treasurer, secretary, and representatives from the separate irrigation lines within the project. The survey was primarily designed to understand attributes of the irrigation project that were better addressed in a group setting. This included questions regarding the cost of membership, the monthly rate to maintain membership, the age of the irrigation project, the number of days per month that project members irrigate their fields, and the topics that are typically discussed during irrigation project meetings. The 2013 management committee survey was administered within twenty-five irrigation projects on the western and north-western slopes of Mount Kenya."Survey 2013 Manager Questionnaire: Snowmelt Dependent Systems in the United States and Kenya(2013) Evans, Tom; Dell'Angelo, Jampel; McCord, Paul"Within water-scarce environments, household characteristics such as family size, income, dependence on markets, and influence of external agents, among others, interact with the biophysical environment to produce socio-hydrological outcomes. Livelihood decisions and outcomes not only are dependent on socio-economic factors such as proximity of employment sources and the number of individuals to tend to farming operations, they are also tied to periodicity of rainfall and the reliability of surface water to maintain livelihood operations. As a result, an understanding of both social and biophysical characteristics is essential when examining coupled outcomes within water-scarce environments. In the Mount Kenya region, livelihoods are heavily dependent on the availability of water, whether through rainfall or surface water. To manage this essential resource, irrigation projects have been established on the western and north-western slopes of the mountain. The management committees of these irrigation projects determine water availability during seasonal dry periods, enforce penalties for water misuse, make repairs to damaged infrastructure, and collect membership and maintenance fees. The ability of the irrigation projects to reliably deliver water is essential in determining the agricultural performance of the member households. The 2013 manager questionnaire was administered to the chairperson of each irrigation project. It was designed to understand attributes of the irrigation projects (such as age of the infrastructure and membership fees), land and water assets of the irrigation project members, agricultural activities taking place within the irrigation project, and the rules and norms that exist within the irrigation project. Questions concerning the rules and norms represented the majority of manager survey questions, as the inner workings of the irrigation projects are revealed through examination of monitoring structures, monetary penalties, participation in project meetings, distribution of water during low flow periods, and coordination with other irrigation projects. The 2013 manager survey was administered within twenty-five irrigation projects. More than twenty-five manager surveys were administered, since, on occasion, surveys were administered not only to the chairperson of the irrigation project, but also to the secretary and/or treasurer."Journal Article 3 Pillars of a Food Revolution(2010) Lappé, Anna"As marketers learn to fake climate-friendly food, how do we spot the real thing? Anna Lappé says it's a question of values."Journal Article 6 Ways to Start Sharing(2010) Smith, Stephanie"What do you do when you want to start sharing resources, but your communitys not into it?"Book Chapter The 7 Habits of Highly Effective Research Communicators(Department of Library and Information Science, Jadavpur University, 2014) Das, Anup Kumar; Maity, Gautam"The emergence of Web 2.0 and simultaneously Library 2.0 platforms has helped the library and information professionals to outreach to new audiences beyond their physical boundaries. In a globalized society, information becomes very useful resource for socio-economic empowerment of marginalized communities, economic prosperity of common citizens, and knowledge enrichment of liberated minds. Scholarly information becomes both developmental and functional for researchers working towards advancement of knowledge. We must recognize a relay of information flow and information ecology while pursuing scholarly research. Published scholarly literatures we consult that help us in creation of new knowledge. Similarly, our published scholarly works should be outreached to future researchers for regeneration of next dimension of knowledge. Fortunately, present day research communicators have many freely available personalized digital tools to outreach to globalized research audiences having similar research interests. These tools and techniques, already adopted by many researchers in different subject areas across the world, should be enthusiastically utilized by LIS researchers in South Asia for global dissemination of their scholarly research works. This newly found enthusiasm will soon become integral part of the positive habits and cultural practices of research communicators in LIS domain."Conference Paper A Computational Text Analysis Approach to Investigating Public Discourse and Participation in the Case of the 2022 Arizona Legislative Study Committee on Housing(2024) Castille, Eve L.; Janssen, Marco A.There is increasing interest in participatory processes as a means to deal with complexity in governance challenges. It is thought to improve decision-making and outcomes by incorporating diverse values and knowledge and generating creative solutions through dialogue and deliberation. Who communicates, who has decision-making authority, and in what context the communication occurs shape the participants, the institutions they create, and the interactions they have within social-ecological systems? We build on the growing public discourse scholarship field to demonstrate how who communicates and who has decision-making authority shapes the institutions that are created. We demonstrate how computational text analysis methods may be used to investigate public discourse. Our study is the first application of these methods to public discourse of which we are aware.Conference Paper A configurational approach on the strategic relevance of cooperative models of agri-food value chain organization for sustainable transformation(2024) De Herde, Véronique; Dufays, FrédéricCooperative models in agri-food value chains are characterized by modes of horizontal and vertical organization among different collective actors, cooperative and investor-owned businesses. The cooperative models can adopt different organizational features at horizontal level (between actors at the same value chain stage) and at vertical level (between value chain stage). These organizational features range from coordination among autonomous collective actors to integration in a centralized operating and decision-making structure. Depending on contractualization and internal governance, these models can present polycentric governance features marked to varying extent. We raise the question whether we may identify archetypes of cooperative models that are more, or less strategically relevant for sustainable transformation, depending on their underlying social-ecological context. This paper informs theoretically a configurational evaluative framework in this regard, with an eye on a future qualitative comparative analysis of use in this epistemological process. Against a backdrop of institutional and social-ecological literature, the paper successively discusses analytical dimensions of differentiation of cooperative models, conditions that can be constitutive of contextualized configurations, and outcomes of strategic relevance. The paper then discusses the underlying premises and limits of this theoretically informed configurational framework. For instance, the paper explores the limits of a value chain meso-level approach anchored in the perceptions of the stakeholders’ representatives, reducing complex variables to a set of conditions of value chain configuration.Conference Paper A Framework for Multi-LLM Agent-Based Modeling in Social-Ecological Systems for Environmental Decision-Making through Conversational Experiments(2024) Kim, Sola; Chang, Dongjune"This paper presents a novel Multi-LLM Agent Modeling framework that integrates agent-based modeling with large language models (LLMs) to advance the realism and effectiveness of environmental decision-making experiments within social-ecological systems. By focusing on individual and collective agent behaviors, our framework offers a detailed examination of how diverse sociodemographic factors and environmental beliefs influence sustainable practices. The agents, defined by unique profiles and embedded with predefined values, beliefs, and norms, operate within a controlled virtual environment to simulate real-world dynamics and interactions. Our approach not only enhances the comprehension of environmental decision-making processes but also facilitates the development of targeted interventions aimed at promoting sustainable practices across various community segments. This research contributes to the broader application of agent-based models in environmental policy-making, emphasizing the importance of equity, diversity, and inclusion in modeling efforts and highlighting the potential of LLMs to capture complex dynamics within social-ecological systems."Conference Paper A Nonpartisan Metric for Public Policy Solutions: An Excerpt from Politics 4.0: A Unifying Theory(2024) Denn, JonathanIn the 18th century, a simple measurement tool, an accurate and waterproof timepiece, solved the problem of longitudinal navigation. Today, navigating choppy political waters may likewise be solved by a simple measurement tool—a universal nonpartisan scoring system for public policy solutions. This paper introduces the theory of Politics 4.0, a role-based political model, ground truth for model-based forecasting AI, the methodology, and an innovative hyper-personalized exponential polling tool to leverage the Wisdom of the Crowd, Law of Large Numbers, Mean Reversion, and Narration. The OECD has said this tool has major potential for success and replication, meaning the tool can be adapted to any country, state, county, or major city.Conference Paper A's and B's: Dynamics of Resource Use Among Property Regimes and States(1995) Princen, Thomas"This paper develops a model for analyzing interactions among different property regimes and among property regimes and states. The model rests on four premises of human behavior at the individual, group, and state levels: individuals are disposed to form restricted access property regimes - private or common; individuals tend not to 'foul their own nests;' individuals deplete others' resources with little regard for long-term resource impacts and little attempt to moderate use of those resources; and state interests align with the interests of those who use others' resources. "The paper argues that although individuals tend to resist outsiders' appropriation of their resource, several factors mitigate against such resistance. These include: insufficient threat, monitoring benefits, favorable prices, state promotion, and jurisdictional distance. An especially important factor is the state and its imperative to generate revenues from convertible currencies. Introducing an outsider results in an increased aggregate discount measure, a strain on resource management, and a common currency that devalues self-organized restraint mechanisms. These results can occur when the exchange between regimes entails no gains from trade. They can be interpreted as the externalization of costs and the conversion of property regimes to open access. The paper concludes that the contemporary political economy is reaching a critical juncture ecologically whereby cost externalization and open access are no longer minor impediments to increasing wealth and prosperity."Journal Article A. Wood, P. Stedman-Edwards, and J. Mang, editors. 2000. The Root Causes of Biodiversity Loss. World Wildlife Fund and Earthscan, London(2000) Heemskerk, Marieke"The Root Causes of Biodiversity Loss analyzes 10 case studies of biodiversity loss from Brazil, Cameroon, China, the Danube floodplain, India, Mexico, Pakistan, the Philippines, Tanzania, and Vietnam. These cases were selected to represent specific ecosystem types, distinct sociopolitical contexts, or biodiversity hotspots. The scarcity of reliable ecological data and accurate government records motivated most research teams to develop descriptive, rather than quantitative, models of biodiversity loss. These models emphasize anthropogenic processes, marginalizing biophysical processes such as climate change or changes in lake salinity. The editors, Alexander Wood, Pamela Stedman-Edwards, and Johanna Mang, integrate the cases, identify commonalties, and extract lessons and global recommendations."Conference Paper Aboriginal Gillnet Fishers, Scientists and the State: Interactions over Salmon Fisheries Management on the Nass and Skeena Rivers, British Columbia, Canada, 1955-1965(2008) Wright, Miriam"This paper examines the interactions between Aboriginal gillnet fishers and the Canadian state over the regulations for the industrial salmon fishery on the Nass and Skeena Rivers of northern British Columbia in the 1950s and 1960s. In particular, it focuses on the discussions and conflicts between Aboriginal people, who comprised the majority of industrial fishers in the region, and state officials and scientists who were members of the Skeena Salmon Management Committee. The Canadian Department of Fisheries had created this committee in 1954 in response to declining salmon populations and a 1951 rock slide on the Skeena system which damaged the sockeye spawning runs. The Committee relied heavily on science to gain legitimacy for their increased restrictions on access to the resource, and made it a central feature of their public meetings. They also relied on it to encourage the native fishers to understand and accept the regulations. This approach did not work as expected. Native fishers continued to challenge the regulations, arguing state officials were unfairly penalizing small-boat fishers, and were overlooking greater threats to the resource such as larger and more efficient vessels and gear types. As well, the Aboriginal fishers also used information fisheries scientists had provided to point out inconsistencies in the regulations, particularly relating to the growing international offshore salmon fishery. Moreover, several Aboriginal communities also complained about some of the Committee's research projects such as counting fences and hatchery programs, arguing that they violated traditional Aboriginal treatment of salmon. While not all of these challenges led the Committee to alter its regulations and activities, some did, revealing the ways that science and management practices can be affected by interactions with groups involved in the process."Conference Paper Aboriginal People and Resource Co-Management: The Inuvialuit of the Western Arctic and Resource Co-Management under a Land Claims Settlement(1991) Binder, Lloyd N.; Hanbidge, Bruce"The Inuvialuit Final Agreement (IFA) as enacted under the Western Arctic (Inuvialuit) Claims Settlement Act (1984) set in place five management bodies for co-management of resources in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR) of Northwest Territories and Yukon. ISR is a mix of private Inuvialuit land held in common, and crown land. Fish and wildlife resources are co-managed by Inuvialuit and governments of Canada, Northwest Territories and Yukon together with agencies of United States and other nations. "Co-management initiatives are reviewed to illustrate roles and activities of co-management bodies created pursuant to the IFA. Potential problem areas are discussed with respect to development-conservation dichotomy as enshrined in IFA. Complications arising from impending settlement of native land claims contiguous to and overlapping with ISR are also discussed with respect to the need for integration of co-management mechanisms. "Preservation of cultural identity through meaningful participation in management and conservation of arctic wildlife and its habitat is explored with concerns raised and recommendations given for future of successful and culturally appropriate co-management of resources."Conference Paper About Efficiency of Collective Provision of NRM Investments in Burkina Faso(2004) Dutilly-Diane, Celine; McCarthy, Nancy"This paper presents an analysis of the importance of collective action for the realization of Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments and its effect on community-level efficiency in the provision of NRM investments. This study is based on survey data collected in 2002 in 78 villages of northeastern Burkina Faso. The general cooperative capacity of each community is first recovered for any type of collective activity and is then used to explain the probability of a community undertaking reforestation activities and/or stone bunds construction, as well as to explain the efficiency level in the realization of those investments. Empirical results show that greater cooperative capacity indeed increases the likelihood of NRM investments to be undertaken at the community level; however, greater cooperative capacity also appears to lead to inefficient provision of these public goods."Conference Paper About the Role of Historical Research in the Current Discussion of Environmental Issues(1999) Modert, Gerd"This paper seeks to harvest the intellectual orchard and collect its valuable fruit from different scientific communities at one location. So sociologists, environmental historians, cultural anthropologists, geographers, material accounting experts, and others are invited to bring together their special expertise, and to commonly look at the long-term dynamics of societies' metabolism."Conference Paper Abstract Consumption of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in Kakamega Forest, Western Kenya: Accessibility, Role, Value and to Resident Rural Households(2008) Kiplagat, Andrew Kipkosgey; Mburu, John; Mugendi, D. N."Dependency on natural resources in the commons still ranks very high among rural communities in many developing countries. Kakamega forest in Kenya is one example of a local common that supports a huge rural population. The forest is a high biodiversity area and for generations has been an important source of local peoples livelihoods. The forest is managed by three distinct organizations. The objective of this paper is to investigate the importance of Kakamega forest as a common resource to surrounding households for non-timber products (NTFPs) such as firewood, herbal medicines, pastures and thatch grass for construction and maintenance of shelters by estimating economic value accruing to each household using direct pricing (DPM) and cost of collection (CoC) methods. Results are derived from a survey of 201 randomly selected households that was conducted in October-December 2006. Findings showed existence of a variety of NTFPs that are of great importance to local households livelihoods. Extraction challenges emanating from the different management approaches of the forest were also evident. The study makes a number of conclusions that can inform policy geared to fostering of collaborative management arrangements that can optimize conservation and sustainable use of Kakamega forest."Conference Paper Academia as a Commons(2010) Bollier, David"How open technologies can help higher education expand collaboration, innovation and public access to knowledge."Journal Article Acai Palm Management in the Amazon Estuary: Course for Conservation or Passage to Plantations?(2004) Weinstein, Stephanie; Moegenburg, Susan"In the late 1980s, the acai (Euterpe oleracea) fruit and palmito extraction system of eastern Amazonia was heralded as a promising alternative to deforestation that could simultaneously provide income to rural producers and protect forest integrity. We tested these claims in five communities located along a distance gradient from the largest regional market in Belem, Brazil. We evaluated the market accessibility and manage strategies of acai producers, and assessed the impacts of management on forest characteristics. In contrast to other NTFP systems, we found that distance to the major market is not a limiting factor for acai sales because throughout the region intermediaries are readily available to transport intensification of palm management, which results in the conversion of native floodplain forests into acai-dominated forests that closely resemble plantations. We conclude that the acai system is not typical of other NTFP and should not be regarded as a model for merging forest conservation with rural development. However, the increased demand for acai, especially from educated consumers, together with the ease of production and marketing, present an opportunity to develop the acai system into one in which both rural livelihoods and forest integrity are supported."Journal Article Accelerating Deforestation in the Congo Basin Can Pose Climate Risks: A Response to: Nasi. 2005. 'Potential Methodological Flaw in the Examination of the Effects of Logging'(2005) Roy, Somnath Baidya; Walsh, Peter D.A Response to: Nasi. 2005. 'Potential Methodological Flaw in the Examination of the Effects of Logging'Conference Paper Acceptability of Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries: Towards Fisherfolk Participation in Fisheries Management(1991) Siar, Susana U."Municipal or small-scale fishing in the Philippines is defined as fishing that utilizes boats of three gross tons or less, or fishing without boats. In 1990, it contributed 45% to the country's total fish production and accounted for 68% of direct employment in Philippine fisheries. The granting of territorial use rights in fisheries (TURFs) to fisherfolk associations, similar to that practiced in Japan, is recommended as a management tool for small-scale fisheries in the Philippines. This study was conducted to determine the acceptability of the practice under Philippine conditions. A survey was conducted among 211 coastal dwellers of five municipalities in Panay Island, Central Philippines. Respondents of the survey generally perceived the practice of TURFs as acceptable since it would lead to an improvement of their catch. Results suggest that the respondents' present predicament of inadequacy of catch to support their livelihood is the starting point to introduce fisherfolk participation in fisheries management."Journal Article Acceptance, Rejection, and the Tightening Feedback Loop: A response to: Holling. 2001. 'Conservation Ecology, 2001: A Journal for Both Authors and Readers'(2002) Tyson, Wayne"Does Holling (2001) really mean to say that novel ideas are only rarely resisted or ignored? It seems to me that most, if not all, novel ideas are not only resisted and ignored but also vigorously opposed; this applies to 'small' ideas as well as 'large' ones."Conference Paper Access and Benefits in Payments for Environmental Services, Forest Conservation and Climate Change: Lessons from A Global Review(2011) Mahanty, Sanghamitra; Suich, Helen; Tacconi, Luca"This paper presents findings from a recent global study that assessed the impacts of Payments for Environmental Service (PES) schemes on livelihoods, and implications for the design of incentive mechanisms for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD). It focuses particularly on two key areas that are important to the local impacts of PES and REDD schemes: (i) whether tenure and wealth filter access to schemes by local resource users and managers and (ii) how the design of contracts and the configuration of payments and other benefits impact local livelihoods and the sustainability of schemes. In terms of access, the PES schemes reviewed occurred on land falling under diverse tenure arrangements, and full ownership rights were not a prerequisite for PES agreements, but the criteria for selecting the location and participants for schemes were important access determinants. The schemes did provide some benefitsto participants, for instance a small amount of additional income to participating households, and investments in community infrastructure and services where payments were made to community bodies. Payments were often well below the opportunity costs faced by participants over the life of the scheme, however, which could diminish positive impacts on local livelihoods and ultimately undermine the sustainability of such schemes. Passing on transaction and monitoring costs to participants also reduced the flow of benefits to local actors, and payment schedules often did not cover the full duration of the PES contract, which diminished the likely sustainability and conditionality of the schemes. Such factors will have to be clearly addressed in the design of REDD schemes."Journal Article Access and Resilience: Analyzing the Construction of Social Resilience to the Threat of Water Scarcity(2006) Langridge, Ruth; Christian-Smith, Juliet; Lohse, Kathleen A."Resilience is a vital attribute that characterizes a system's capacity to cope with stress. Researchers have examined the measurement of resilience in ecosystems and in social-ecological systems, and the comparative vulnerability of social groups. Our paper refocuses attention on the processes and relations that create social resilience. Our central proposition is that the creation of social resilience is linked to a community's ability to access critical resources. We explore this proposition through an analysis of how community resilience to the stress of water scarcity is influenced by historically contingent mechanisms to gain, control, and maintain access to water. Access is defined broadly as the ability of a community to actually benefit from a resource, and includes a wider range of relations than those derived from property rights alone. We provide a framework for assessing the construction of social resilience and use it to examine, first, the different processes and relations that enabled four communities in northern California to acquire access to water, and second, how access contributed to their differential levels of resilience to potential water scarcity. Legal water rights are extremely difficult to alter, and given the variety of mechanisms that can generate access, our study suggests that strengthening and diversifying a range of structural and relational mechanisms to access water can enhance a community's resilience to water scarcity."Journal Article Access and Use of Forest Resources: Evidence from Common Property Forest Management in Swaziland(2014) Martins, Curtis R."A major challenge facing Swaziland is how to maximise the use of forest resources while still maintaining their sustainability. Forest resources are being depleted and degraded due to poor access controls, inequities in land-tenure and user rights. The research was conducted using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework as the underlying scheme. The main objective of this study was to investigate access to and utilisation of forest resources in the selected chiefdoms in Mahlangatsha Inkundla. The survey methodology whose target population was from the two chiefdoms were household heads was adopted in this study (N = 185). Data were collected using questionnaires. Stratified random sampling technique which combined both stratification and randomization were used. Findings revealed that, access levels of households to forest resources were different. Whilst access to community forest resources was restricted, the natural forest resources were open to extraction by anyone. Institutional and community rules that are used to regulate access to forest resources lack effectiveness. Consequently, there are problems of deforestation, degradation, illegal harvesting, and lack of involvement by community members to manage forest resources. The study recommends that, local people should be educated about rules that regulate access to forest resources and common rules be set at the local level."Conference Paper Access Mapping and Chains: The Woodcraft Curio Market around Victoria Falls, Zimbabwe(2006) Matose, Frank"The paper uses commodity chain analysis to examine the transformation of access and control in woodcraft markets around Victoria Falls in the context of changing policies in the last two decades. The mushrooming of a transnational market for curios has begun to transform the use and management of forests. The paper discusses the distribution of benefits along the chain. It also elaborates on the relationship between property rights operating at a variety of scales beginning with trees on individual farmland or private property, trees on communal woodlands or common property and trees on state land (protected forests and national parks) or state property with other strategies that actors use to gain and control access at different stages of the commodity chain including harvesting, processing, and marketing. In conclusion, the implications for policy are discussed."Journal Article Access Regimes and Intellectual Property Rights: Exploring the Interface for Drug Research(2005) Sampath, Padmashree Gehl"Advancing the discussion on the interface between access regimes and intellectual property rights requires focus on questions of legal and institutional design at the national level, and calls for positioning of bioprospecting strategically within broader challenges in the area of intellectual property protection, drug R&D, and public health."Conference Paper Access to Digital Collections of Public Domain Works: Enclosure of the Commons Managed by Libraries and Museums(2011) de Rosnay, M. Dulong"Digital copies of physical books and art objects curated by libraries and museums are being made available to the public online. Their access and reuse conditions are submitted to terms of use and policies defined by the institutions in charge of the development of databases and the digitisation of works, of which many are in the public domain. As no copyright applies to these works, their digital instantiation should in principle be freely accessible and reusable. However, in practice, some memory institutions databases contractual terms of use impose restrictions (for instance, reserving the commercial use of the version they digitalized or reserving the right to reuse photographies they funded), thus re-introducing physical barriers for resources which are supposed to be in the commons. The article analyzes a sample of online databases policies of libraries and museums public domain collections in various countries, and provides examples of best practices of institutions and collective actions to avoid adding unnecessary restrictions to public domain works. A good governance of the digital commons including adequate partnerships will enhance access to knowledge."Conference Paper Access to Forest Resources in the Context of Fast Track Land Reforms: Impacts on Local Level Dynamics: Lessons Drawn from the Zimbabwean Land Reform Programme(2006) Muyengwa, Shylock"The research focused on access to and control of forest resources in former commercial farming areas by communal people in Seke. Primary data were collected from Mhindurwa and Mangwende villages using structured interviews, key informant interviews and observations. Secondary data were collected through documentary review and participation during the 'fire wood week' that was jointly run by the Forestry Commission and the Department of Natural Resources. The results indicate that rules to accessing forest resources have changed following the 'fast track land reform' in Zimbabwe and this has prompted the communal communities to seek alternative fuel sources. The results obtained indicated an interaction of policy options and how these alter local level dynamics, which in turn influence the nature of and management of forest resources."Journal Article Access to Natural Resources for Whom? Aquaculture in Nam Dinh, Vietnam(2003) Kleinen, John"This article deals with the rapid coastal development in three districts of a province in northern Vietnam, Nam Dinh, which is undergoing rapid social and economic changes. Against the backdrop of the effects of global climatic change and large infrastructural works in upstream parts of the Red River delta, the main interest of this article is the history of the imposition of property rights in an area which was long time dominated by state policies towards the use of coastal resources. In this article I will deal exclusively with aquaculture in three coastal districts of Nam Dinh and look at the important changes that occurred over time in this region. A major conflict between state agencies and individuals or groups about the property transfer of coastal mud fields is analysed in order to discuss communal and open access forms of property rights in an area plagued by over-exploitation and resource degradation. The case enables the author to comment upon Hardin's model of the 'tragedy of the commons' and the relevance for a specific Vietnamese geographical and historical case."Journal Article Accessibility, Demography and Protection: Drivers of Forest Stability and Change at Multiple Scales in the Cauvery Basin, India(2010) Lele, Nikhil; Nagendra, Harini; Southworth, Jane"The Cauvery basin of Karnataka State encompasses a range of land cover types, from dense forest areas and plantations in the Western Ghats hills, to fertile agricultural lands in the river valley. Recent demographic changes, rapid economic development and urbanization have led to the conversion of vast stretches of forested land into plantations and permanent agriculture. We examine the human drivers of forest cover change between 2001 and 2006, using MODIS 250 m data at multiple spatial scales of nested administrative units i.e., districts and taluks. Population density does not emerge as a major driver of forest distribution or deforestation. Protected areas and landscape accessibility play a major role in driving the distribution of stable forest cover at different spatial scales. The availability of forested land for further clearing emerges as a major factor impacting the distribution of deforestation, with new deforestation taking place in regions with challenging topography. This research highlights the importance of using a regional approach to study land cover change, and indicates that the drivers of forest change may be very different in long settled landscapes, for which little is known in comparison to frontier forests."Journal Article Accessing Nature: Agrarian Change, Forest Laws and their Impact on an Adivasi Economy in Colonial India(2009) Das Gupta, Sanjukta"This article discusses how changing access to nature impacted an adivasi people, the Hos of Singhbhum. Without romanticizing the pre-British past, it may be argued that for the Hos of the time there had been dependence both on the forest and on cultivation, which had ensured them a minimum livelihood. This paper explores how their access to nature gradually diminished under colonial rule through the twin governmental policies of expansion of the agrarian frontier and restriction of the forests to the indigenous population. This led to the sedentarisation of the adivasis, further contributing towards agrarian expansion in India. However, this article argues that the extension of cultivation did not, however, benefit the Hos. Instead, the nature of the increase in acreage in Singhbhum, led to new agricultural practices, which, together with the restrictive forest laws and lack of new irrigation facilities, led to an agrarian crisis in the region, forcing the Hos to leave their lands and seek their fortunes elsewhere."Journal Article Accommodating Conflicting Interests in Forestry: Concepts Emerging from Pluralism(1998) Anderson, Jon; Clément, Jean; Crowder, Loy Van"Pluralism has longstanding philosophical and political roots even though the term is fairly recent. At its core, the concept of pluralism recognizes the inevitable existence of differing, often conflicting, positions on any question of substance, from politics to ecosystem management. Pluralism describes situations where distinct groups are actively autonomous and independent, but often interdependent, with legitimate claims and different positions on critical substantive issues. These differences are based on separate values, perceptions, objectives and knowledge. It describes the dynamic interplay between different ideologies, interests and organizations. When applied conceptually to forestry and rural development, pluralism may improve the understanding of certain organizational situations and improve the assessment and use of techniques and methods for sustainable forest management."Journal Article Accommodating the Challenges of Climate Change Adaptation and Governance in Conventional Risk Management: Adaptive Collaborative Risk Management (ACRM)(2011) May, Bradley; Plummer, Ryan"Risk management is a well established tool for climate change adaptation. It is facing new challenges with the end of climate stationarity and the need to meaningfully engage people in governance issues. The ways in which conventional approaches to risk management can respond to these challenges are explored. Conventional approaches to risk management are summarized, the manner in which they are being advanced as a tool for climate change adaptation is described, and emerging themes in risk management and climate change adaption are documented. It is argued that conventional risk management for climate change adaptation can benefit from the insights and experiences of adaptive co-management. A hybrid approach termed adaptive collaborative risk management is thus envisaged that enriches conventional risk management with the critical features of adaptive co-management, i.e., collaboration and adaptation. Adaptive Collaborative Risk Management overcomes some of the challenges with conventional risk management, builds upon and complements other approaches to community climate change adaptation, and innovatively addresses both technical and governance concerns in a single integrated process."Working Paper Accountability in Decentralization and the Democratic Context: Theory and Evidence from India(2007) Chhatre, Ashwini"New institutions created through decentralization policies around the world, notwithstanding the rhetoric, are often lacking in substantive democratic content. New policies for decentralized natural resource management have transferred powers to a range of local authorities, including private associations, customary authorities, and NGOs. Scholars see such transfers as detrimental to the legitimacy of local democratic institutions, leading to a fragmentation of local authority and dampening prospects for democratic consolidation. In much of this critique, however, there is limited attention to the wider democratic context (or lack thereof) and its effect on local governments. This article develops the concept of political articulation to characterize the relationship between citizens and elected representatives, and argues that accountability in decentralization cannot be conceptualized or analyzed separately from the accountability of higher institutions of representation and governance. The empirical analysis of the paper uses the experience of World Bank-funded Ecodevelopment Project in Himachal Pradesh, India, to generate insights into the role of political articulation in analyzing decentralization reforms."Journal Article Accountable Representation and Power in Participatory and Decentralized Environmental Management(1999) Ribot, Jesse C."Elected local government is the appropriate institution to entrust with representation of local populations in matters of public resource use. Decentralization and participation are both means of bringing a broader section of a given population into public decision-making processes - in a role of informing and/or controlling those processes."Conference Paper Accounting for the Impacts of Fishers' Knowledge and Norms on Economic Efficiency(2001) Rudd, Murray A."Developing the theoretical links between the knowledge of fishers and societal economic outcomes is important if fishers? knowledge it to be taken seriously by policy makers. Having a theoretical basis that accounts for fishers? knowledge allows for rigorous approaches to marine ecosystem-based policy development that incorporates both social and ecological variables in management experiments. Social interactions that facilitate the development and communication of fishers? knowledge can improve aggregate economic performance by increasing productivity, reducing the risk of ?free-riders? engaging in opportunistic behavior, and encouraging the development of norms that support mutually beneficial collective action. The combination of (1) the social structures and protocols that facilitate predictable cooperative behavior and (2) the values that individuals hold which predispose them to cooperate with each other, are known as social capital. Social capital theory is useful for addressing pragmatic questions about how to target and strengthen social structural variables that most increase the likelihood of successful collective action. When considered as a variable affecting fishery sustainability, focusing on social capital can also be used for comparative policy assessments and help address questions of how to devolve governance to achieve efficiency-maximizing comanagement systems."Thesis or Dissertation Accounting for the Links Between Social and Ecological Systems for Effective Nature Conservation(2015) Gonzalez, Angela Guerrero"This thesis addresses one of the greatest challenges faced by conservation researchers and practitioners: understanding and accounting for the social-ecological complexity that characterises most global environmental problems. This thesis makes theoretical and empirical contributions to research on the problem of fit that extend beyond the conservation planning field. It provides empirical support for how collaboration approaches to governance can enable the coordination of actions across different management scales, and demonstrates how interactions between the social and ecological systems can be accounted for in conservation planning decisions, and in assessments of the effectiveness of environmental governance arrangements."Working Paper Accounting for Water Use and Productivity(1997) Molden, David"All science depends on its concepts. These are ideas which receive names. They determine the questions one asks, and the answers one gets. They are more fundamental than the theories which are stated in terms of them."Working Paper Accounting of Agricultural and Nonagricultural Impacts of Irrigation and Drainage Systems(2003) International Water Management Institute"This paper is a collaborative research between the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and the Agricultural Engineering Research Centre of Taiwan. This study contributes to IWMI's program on the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture. The research in 2003 consists of two components. First, research in Taiwan continues on estimating the positive and negative externalities of paddy-rice production. Second, research is being conducted in Sri Lanka to assess more broadly the impact of water resource development. In addition, two extensive literature reviews have been completed."Working Paper Accounting of Agricultural and Nonagricultural Impacts of Irrigation and Drainage Systems: A Study of Multifunctionality in Rice(2002) Matsuno, Yutaka; Ko, H. S.; Tan, C. H.; Baker, R.; Levine, Gilbert"The 'non-commodity' functions associated with agriculture, especially those with non-market outputs, may have significant impacts, positive or negative, on the sustainability of agricultural activity. For example, irrigation facilities that deliver water to rice fields serve a multitude of other beneficial purposes, including provision of water for domestic use, bathing, livestock, trees and other natural vegetation, groundwater recharge and flood control. This study examines the non-commodity functions of rice irrigation in Taiwan, particularly as they relate to society, human health and the environment, and, to the extent possible, quantifies them for some situations in Taiwan. It concludes that the monetary value of the multiple functions of rice irrigation is very substantial-on the order of its commodity value -and decisions about the future of rice agriculture should factor in both types of outputs."Working Paper Accra 2008: The Bumpy Road to Aid Effectiveness in Agriculture(2008) Cabral, Lidia"The 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness will be reviewed at the Third High-Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Accra in September 2008. The Paris Declaration establishes operating principles for donors and recipient governments to improve the effectiveness of aid. These include government leadership of the development process, a focus on policy results, greater alignment by donors with national policies and management systems, harmonisation between donors with division of labour, and mutual accountability for development results. These principles are broadly sound for guiding development cooperation with national governments. However, they do not help in addressing the challenges arising in certain areas of assistance. In agriculture, the overwhelmingly private nature of agricultural activities, the roles of non-governmental service providers, the significance of context and the cross-sectoral dimension of policy challenges are some of the reasons why development cooperation in that sector struggles to comply with the Paris principles. The paper sets out areas requiring focused attention in the run-up to Accra 2008."Journal Article Accumulo di Carbonio e Produttività delle Piantagioni Legnose (Kyoto forests) del Friuli Venezia Giulia(2006) Alberti, Giorgio; Marelli, A.; Piovesana, D.; Peressotti, A.; Zerbi, G.; Gottardo, E.; Bidese, F."Carbon stocks and productivity in forest plantations (Kyoto forests) in Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy). Aboveground biomass, increment and carbon stock in a 36 forest plantations chronosequence of different ages were quantified. Results have been extrapolated in time using the Richards model. Maximum carbon stock was measured in 23 years old plantations (37 tC ha-1) and annual carbon stock rate occurs at 9 years (3.4 tC ha-1 year-1). After this age it decreases to reach 0.40 tC ha-1 year-1 at 23 years after plantation."Conference Paper Acequias de Común: The Tension between Collective Action and Private Property Rights(2000) Brown, John R.; Rivera, José A."The acequias (communal irrigation regimes) of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado have for centuries accomplished many objectives for the communities they serve, including enabling agricultural production, sustaining popular participation, promoting income distribution and equity, and protecting the environment. This paper asks whether these institutions can be sustained under novel conditions--global markets, immense development pressures and demands for 'efficient' use of water. "Historically, communal irrigation systems worldwide have performed essential functions of reducing the uncertainty of supply, mobilizing labor needed to construct and maintain the works, and preventing and resolving conflicts over water use. Adequately performing these functions has in turn created economic value for individuals and families participating in collective action and legitimized the institutions over time. Since the late 1960s, a growing literature on the governance of irrigation systems has demonstrated that carrying out these functions requires a high degree of local self-organization and control. "Political 'modernization' theory during this period asserted that successful development of nation-states in emerging countries would destroy or drastically alter traditional political institutions. Studies of the governance of common pool resources suggest that this may not always be so. In the acequia case, local control, not only of the 'works' but also of the water resource, stands as one feature vital to their survival. "Moreover, the collective effort that made possible the existence of water rights (and created their value) involves a mutual understanding of an implicit 'collective right' held by the acequia itself to preserve and protect the value thus created. This understanding is evident in the behavior of appropriator-members (parciantes ) of functioning acequias, although unrecognized in current water law. This is a second key feature of these institutions. "The paper's first section sketches the development of the Rio Grande acequias from their Moorish-Spanish roots, showing how they evolved by adapting to local contextual requirements during the Spanish, Mexican and American periods. It explores differences between Spanish and Anglo-American understandings about property rights in water and their impacts on various actors perceptions of the acequia institution. "The second section examines the acequia's contemporary status in their institutional environment, including population and development pressures, interstate compact and treaty requirements, various conflicting federal mandates, as-yet unquantified tribal rights, and the over-appropriation of New Mexico's surface waters. New institutional arrangements, including state and regional water planning and management regimes, water markets and water 'banking' may provide incentives to transfer historical acequia-based water rights to new uses, far from the 'areas of origin communities' where the rights were established. "Finally, the paper poses questions for further research regarding consequences of alternative decisions about institutional arrangements for the continued vitality or decay of acequia communities. These questions derive from our understanding of the features that have contributed to the viability of acequia institutions up to now local control and the underlying understanding of a collective acequia right. They also stem from the possibility that sufficient political will may be present (at least at the 'regional water planning' level in New Mexico) to protect 'areas of origin communities.'"Journal Article Acesso à Agua Para Consumo Humano e Aspectos de Saúde Pública na Amazônia Legal(2012) Giatti, Leandro Luiz; Cutolo, Silvana Audrá"A região da Amazônia Legal no Brasil apresenta desafios quanto ao acesso à água para sua população, mesmo com grande abundância de recursos hídricos. Este estudo tem como objetivo explorar condicionantes de acesso à água para consumo humano, considerando aspectos ambientais, socioculturais e de infraestrutura. Para isso, analisam-se: a precária cobertura por saneamento básico na região, por meio de macroindicadores; e estudos de caso em distintas escalas espaciais: comunidade indígena; cidade de pequeno porte, comunidades ribeirinhas, e uma cidade de grande porte, Manaus, maior centro urbano da Amazônia Pan-Amazônica. Por fim, empreende-se uma discussão interdisciplinar sobre as dificuldades de acesso a água no âmbito da saúde pública, explorando a importância de aspectos que se manifestam de modo evidente nas escalas espaciais."Conference Paper Achieving a Brighter Future for Communal Rangelands in the Maluti District: Strategies and Process(2000) Ntshona, Zolile"The democratic government era has been characterised by poor management of rangeland resources in most parts of the rural South Africa. With little fencing and the unavailability of herding labour, common property resource management is becoming more difficult to implement in communal areas. This paper looks at whether common property resource management approaches offer any sort of non-freehold future for livestock production and range management in communal areas of South Africa. People in communal areas depended on government provisions and assistance for more than 30 years during the period of the Betterment programme. After the collapse of the programme, grants and policing by the government were discontinued, whilst people continuously expect grants and to be policed by the government. This paper argues that the future will provide positive benefits if a re-visitation of a different kind of betterment can be implemented."Conference Paper Achieving Conservation and Livelihood: A Case Study from Orissa, India(2011) Sinha, Bhaskar; Singh, K.D."The forest policies are primarily reviewed from time to time on the assessment of function of formal/state institutions responsible for conservation and management of forest. However, a variety of informal institutions embedded with social and human capitals, operating at grassroots level, do not get recognized for their conservation potential by the policy makers as these institutions are legally not recognized. Besides, there is lack of scientific methodology to empirically measure the effectiveness of these institutions. Consequently, there exists a knowledge gap between the appreciation of issues between the policy establishment and that of the stakeholders at the local level. Through an interdisciplinary approach, we provide empirical evidences in favour of local institutions regulating community based forest management (CFM) in the state of Orissa, India and present model for sustainable development.The integrated approach of remotes sensing, GIS and field inventory developed in the study is an important scientific contribution to monitoring of the forest cover and livelihood studies at a village level, where majority of CFM operates. By virtue of statistical soundness of the methodology, the study has provided convincing and easily understandable results in favour of community based forest management in Orissa as a viable option towards forest protection and management. The comparative analysis on the livelihood patterns in the three districts of the state revealed that CFM has contributed towards forest protection and regeneration; however, the potential of forest towards livelihood enhancement is not yet fully realized. The study further discusses a model to achieve ecological sustainability on one hand and enhancing incomes of the forest-dependent communities on the other hand."Journal Article Achieving Social-Ecological Fit through Bottom-Up Collaborative Governance: An Empirical Investigation(2015) Guerrero, Angela M.; Bodin, Örjan; McAllister, Ryan R. J.; Wilson, Kerrie A."Significant benefits can arise from collaborative forms of governance that foster self-organization and flexibility. Likewise, governance systems that fit with the extent and complexity of the system under management are considered essential to our ability to solve environmental problems. However, from an empirical perspective the fundamental question of whether self-organized (bottom-up) collaborative forms of governance are able to accomplish adequate fit is unresolved. We used new theory and methodological approaches underpinned by interdisciplinary network analysis to address this gap by investigating three governance challenges that relate to the problem of fit: shared management of ecological resources, management of interconnected ecological resources, and cross-scale management. We first identified a set of social-ecological network configurations that represent the hypothesized ways in which collaborative arrangements can contribute to addressing these challenges. Using social and ecological data from a large-scale biodiversity conservation initiative in Australia, we empirically determined how well the observed patterns of stakeholder interactions reflect these network configurations. We found that stakeholders collaborate to manage individual parcels of native vegetation, but not for the management of interconnected parcels. In addition, our data show that the collaborative arrangements enable management across different scales (local, regional, supraregional). Our study provides empirical support for the ability of collaborative forms of governance to address the problem of fit, but also suggests that in some cases the establishment of bottom-up collaborative arrangements would likely benefit from specific guidance to facilitate the establishment of collaborations that better align with the ways ecological resources are interconnected across the landscape. In our case study region, this would improve the capacity of stakeholders to detect both the intended and unintended off-site impacts of management actions. Our approach offers an avenue for empirical evaluations of collaborative governance so that preconditions for effectiveness of environmental programs can be enhanced."Working Paper Achieving Stable Canal Conditions Following Remodeling: The Case Study of Bareji Distributary, Mirpurkhas(2000) Lashari, Bakhshal; Rust, Hammond Murray; Talpur, Mashooq"This study looks into the unsatisfactory indications canal and structure dimensions and levels of water distribution equity. These changes result in conditions that do not permit regime to be established and result in high variation between the head and the tail of the distribution."Journal Article Achieving Success under Pressure in the Conservation of Intensely Used Coastal Areas(2013) Micheli, Fiorenza; Niccolini, Federico"Understanding how biological conservation and socioeconomic development can be harmonized in social-ecological systems is at the core of sustainability science. We present the case of a Mediterranean marine protected area (MPA), the Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo MPA, that exhibits high ecological performance under intense pressure from fishing, tourism, and coastal development. This case study illustrates how socioeconomic development and significant conservation benefits can coexist, even in a challenging context. Based on this case study, we present a framework for what elements and interactions have determined the high ecological performance of this MPA, and highlight the key leverages that have enabled ecosystem recovery. In particular, the most critical elements underlying high performance were sufficient leadership and knowledge to identify a conservation vision and to catalyze some key actors in the implementation of this vision. Thus, success was ultimately determined by the ability of the leadership of the MPA to devise and implement an effective strategy, with the support and participation of key actors that were external to the MPA organization. The insights from this case study may be applicable to improving MPA management in other systems with similar characteristics, including high human pressures and the presence of an MPA authority."