Two Cultures: Not Unique to Ecology: A response to: Holling. 1998. 'Two Cultures of Ecology'

Abstract

"Using examples from different disciplines, I show that the dualism between 'analytical' and "integrative" approaches to scientific investigation is not unique to ecology. I argue that the resolution of (1) the apparent conflict between the two cultures of ecology and (2) the problem of finding a sound direction during the transition of ecology would benefit from a transdisciplinary approach. Candidate disciplines are any science within which complex systems are being investigated, as well as philosophy of science and environmental ethics."