Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Institutions in Conservation of Critically Endangered Biodiversity: Learning from the Monpa Community in Eastern Himalaya, Arunachal Pradesh

Abstract

"This study explores the interconnectedness between traditional ecological knowledge, socio-cultural institutions and conservation of a critically endangered indigenous tree species, Gymnocladus assamicus ex. P. C. Kanj. (minangmose), by the Monpa tribe in the West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh, India. Gymnocladus assamicus is reported to be a critically endangered tree species and needs major and immediate attention for conservation. Use and conservational dynamics of Gymnocladus are associated with the culture and institutions of the Monpa community. Conventional and participatory observations revealed that traditional ecological knowledge associated with Gymnocladus has evolved since time immemorial through the Monpa's interactions with this tree, with incremental learning and adaptation. Particularly for economically poor Monpa living in remote areas, this species provides alternative medicinal treatments for stomach disorders and uskin diseases (for both human and animals), as well as shampoo and soap (for both babies and adults) and use in the Buddhist temple (Gonpa) and in funeral ceremonies. The dry leaves of this tree are used by Monpa farmers in their vegetable fields to control soil-borne insect pests. Elder Monpa tribal members emphasize the need for respectful use and conservation of G. assamicus. This requires careful and concerted efforts to ensure the preservation and continued viability of traditions still important in contemporary Monpa life and subsistence living. In view of the threats from various sources and knowledge gained from the active educational research, the chhopa (traditional institution) has been brought into action and has taken a leading role in mobilizing the entire community for conserving and sustaining this tree species. The chhopa, headed by Gaon Burha (village head), has adopted two major approaches viz. cultral [(involving gonpa (Buddhist temple)] and legal (Forest Department), in raising awareness, rationalizing access patterns and conserving the existing populations of this tree in its natural habitat. This effort has also revived lost ecological knowledge among the younger generation and brought recognition from the Government of India, thus giving a further boost to the conservation efforts of this critically endangered aspect of biodiversity."