Multi-layered Natural Resources Management in Open and Closed Commons: A Case Study on the Right of Access and the State, Community and Farm Commons in Norway

Abstract

"This paper defines theclosed commonsas a commons which is equipped with strict membership requirements and rules based on a regional relationship for managing and using available natural resources.Iriai1 in Japanis an example of this. There also existsin Norway closed commons, such as the state commons (statsallmenning), the community commons (bygdeallmenning)and the farm commons (realsameie). These have been selected as a case study of a closed commons in this paper."