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Journal Article Land Use and Tenure in the Tropics(1976) Adeyoju, S. Kolade"Tropical peoples are predominantly dependent upon agriculture for their livelihood. The prospects of significantly altering this economic pattern by bringing it to a level comparable with that of industrialized countries are, in the short run, not promising. It is therefore evident that overall development must include - indeed often must begin with activities that require and use land on a fairly large scale. Without the production of a surplus in agriculture and other rural enterprises, industrialization cannot occur, unless alternative sources of foreign exchange earnings are available from the export of minerals. However, the global consequences of 'mineral warfare' in recent years indicate quite clearly that over-dependence on exportation or importation of minerals is fraught with unpredictable hazards and sophisticated forms of blackmail. While it is desirable to have a diversity of resources and it is also necessary to prefer one type of economic activity to another, there is as yet no rationale for excluding agricultural development either in the developed or developing countries. The reasons for giving increasing attention to the agricultural sector, including forestry, are both explicit and compelling."Journal Article Khumbu: Country of the Sherpas(1967) Willan, R.G.M."For many years the highest mountain in the world remained unconquered. During the 1920s and 1930s numerous expeditions attempted to climb the huge peak called Mount Everest by English geographers but without success; at last in 1953 the news was flashed to the world that the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Sherpa Tenzing Norgay had set foot on the summit. Long before this, however, members of the various climbing expeditions in the Himalayas had become acquainted with the Sherpas who live in the high country below Everest, a people of Tibetan origin who are believed to have crossed the high passes of the Himalayas into the region now known as Khumbu about two centuries ago."Journal Article Oyster Seed Hatcheries on the U.S. West Coast: An Overview(1979) Clark, Jerry E.; Langmo, Donald"Oyster production in the United States has been diminishing for nearly 80 years. Natural disasters (including disease and predation), pollution, siltation, and land reclamation projects have all contributed to the decline. Present U.S. production is not even equal to what once came from the Chesapeake Bay alone."Journal Article Territories of the Lobstermen: Good Ocean Boundaries Make Good Neighbors... and Vice Versa(1972) Acheson, James M."The rules for lobster fishing territories are especially critical because they control access to the lobsters and because they have important ecological implications at a time when some parts of the marine resource are being over exploited. "Growing up in an inland area of Maine, I was for a long time vaguely aware that territoriality existed among lobstermen. Only recently, however, did I find evidence of these territorial rules and investigate them systematically."Journal Article American Institutions and Ecological Ideals: Scientific and Literary Views of our Expansionary Life-style are Converging(1970) Marx, Leo"The chief question before us, then, is this: What are the prospects, given the character of America's dominant institutions, for the fulfillment of this ecological ideal? But first, what is the significance of the current 'environmental crusade'? Why should we be skeptical about its efficacy? How shall we account for the curious response of the scientific community? To answer these questions I will attempt to characterize certain of our key institutions from an ecological perspective. I want to suggest the striking convergence of the scientific and the literary criticism of our national life-style. In conclusion I will suggest a few responses to the ecological crisis indicated by that scientific-literary critique."Journal Article Social Forestry in India(1979) Pant, M.M."In India, a conceptual distinction has been drawn between production forestry (so far confined mainly to reserved forests) and social forestry (scattered land wherever tree-growing is possible). Social forestry is, in effect, an integral part of the Gandhian philosophy of economic growth and community development. Imagine an economy in which the present idle land and water resources, owned by individuals or communities, are harnessed for better purposes by putting to work unemployed people. The social benefits thus generated and the additional resources so created may serve as stepping stones toward self-sufficiency. The objectives of social forestry as defined by the National Commission on Agriculture (NCA, 1976) are: (a) supply of fuelwood to replace cow dung; (b) supply of small timber; (c) supply of fodder; (d) protection of agricultural fields from wind and soil erosion; and (e) creation of recreational amenities. Its main components are: farm forestry, rural forestry, and urban forestry. Broadly speaking, their objectives are almost identical, the differences being too subtle, but worth examining."Journal Article Minor Forest Products: Their Total Value is of a Major Order(1974) Robbins, S.R.J.; Matthews, W.S.A."The authors give a survey of minor forest products which are significant in the economies of tropical lands in particular. These include turpentine from pines, perfumery oils from roots, stumps and fruits of various tree species, and gums and exudates which go into products as different as confectioneries and golf balls. There are also spices, medicines, dyes and tannins. Most minor forest products are export currency earners and many are well suited for local processing industries."Journal Article An Investigation of Cree Indian Domestic Fisheries in Northern Quebec(1979) Berkes, Fikret"Domestic or subsistence fisheries of the eastern James Bay Cree. were studied, mainly in Fort George, by direct observation. These fisheries were characterized by large numbers of participants, low catches per day and per fisherman, but high catches per length of net used, as compared to commercial fisheries. Most stocks appear lightly utilized, but in the vicinity of larger settlements there is evidence that some stocks are overfished. The total catch may be increased by distributing the fishing effort more evenly over a larger area. Fish resource base of the region appears suitable for supporting local economic development with respect to recreational fisheries and native-run commercial fisheries for the local market, as well as maintaining the domestic fishery."Journal Article Competitive Uses of Wildlife: A Cameroon Wildlife Officer Tells How Policy Turned to Practical Management(1977) Balinga, Victor S."In developing countries in particular wildlife may have to serve a number of needs, some of which may be in competition with each other. This article deals with how the Government of Cameroon comes to terms with these problems."Journal Article Southern California Recreational and Commercial Marine Fisheries(1976) MacCall, Alec D.; Stauffer, Gary D.; Troadec, Jean-Paul"This work should provide significant information for the formulation of positions and plans for regulatory agencies managing these resources. We have attempted to avoid making recommendations regarding the course of future exploitation of southern California fish resources except for the determination of approximate limits of sustainable yields and lower limits on age at first capture. However, where resources are or appear to be exploited beyond maximum sustainable yield, reduction of catch and/or effort is strongly recommended."