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Journal Article Reimagining China’s Transportation Funding Investments in Africa in the Context of COVID-1(2021) Hamilton, Clovia; Maliphol, Sira"Africa has not invested enough in its healthcare system, and China has been investing in and financing much of Africa’s transportation system. Many African countries’ fragile health and transportation systems have been further weakened by the COVID-19 pandemic. This literature review confirms the interdependence of the key functional areas of comprehensive development planning and the importance of building and maintaining a sound transportation infrastructure. With respect to partnerships with China, African nations need to strengthen government functional areas more comprehensively, considering all of the areas of development planning including trade as well as transportation and aid issues. It is all the more apparent given the COVID-19 pandemic that these trade deals need to include simultaneous heavy investments in healthcare, education, housing, public utilities (water and electricity), and economic development through improved supply chain management and the use of advanced digital technology. In addition to the deal structures for China’s investments in Africa’s transportation infrastructure, there are also opportunities to reimagine the African nations’ internal transportation spending. For example, there are models in the United States for using transportation funds to invest in health clinics in transit stations. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought this issue to bear, and it is a problem that can be rectified with ‘comprehensive’ development planning that takes into account all of the key functional areas of planning: healthcare, environmental protection, safety, education, housing, economic development, and transportation. Five recommendations follow the literature review and discussion."Journal Article Knowledge Based View of University Tech Transfer: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis(2020) Hamilton, Clovia; Philbin, Simon"Research and technology commercialization at research-intensive universities has helped to develop provincial economies resulting in university startups, the growth of other new companies and associated employment. University technology transfer offices (TTOs) oversee the process of technology transfer into the commercial marketplace and these organizational units can be considered in the context of enabling effective knowledge management. However, what enables productive TTO performance has not been comprehensively researched. Therefore, this research study adopted the knowledge-based view as the theoretical construct to support a comprehensive investigation into this area. This was achieved through employing a systematic literature review (SLR) combined with a robust meta-analysis. The SLR identified an initial total of 10,126 articles in the first step of the review process, with 44 studies included in the quantitative synthesis, and 29 quantitative empirical studies selected for the meta-analysis. The research study identified that the relationship between TTO knowledge management and knowledge deployment as well as startup business performance is where TTOs secure the strongest returns."Journal Article Patented Brand Drugs are Essential Facilities and Regulatory Compacts(2023) Hamilton, Clovia; Stokes, Gerald M.The COVID-19 health pandemic highlighted the need for more readily affordable patented drugs. Brand drug companies argue that they need to recuperate their research and development (“R&D”), marketing and advertising expenses. The incentive to innovate also needs to be preserved. Drug companies are entitled to a profit and a return on their investment, just as afforded to utility monopolies. Intellectual property and human rights clash relative to access to patented drugs. We provide several proposed approaches to resolve this dilemma and conclude with an argument that patented drugs should be considered a public utility. A model based on the public utility approach has a great deal of merit as a model for setting prices for essential drugs and treatments. The price, however, setting should not be the province of back-room discussions between drug companies and insurers. Prices should be negotiated in public with full transparency just as electricity rates. Investor-owned utilities are profitable essential facilities that are of great benefit to consumers and provide reasonable and regular return on investment for their owners. This can happen for manufacturers of essential drugs as well.Journal Article Increasing Diversity among Women Entrepreneurs in High Growth High Tech Using HBCU Female Academic Entrepreneurs(2020) Hamilton, Clovia"There is a concentrated number of potential women entrepreneurs of diverse races among faculty in the United States’ Historically Black Colleges and Universities (known as HBCUs and are called ‘Black Colleges’ herein). This study describes the potential for developing university technology transfer in these Black Colleges as a strategy for increasing diversity among women entrepreneurs in high growth, high tech fields using female academic entrepreneurs. Currently, Black Colleges lag behind their peer non-Black Colleges in technology transfer because historically they have been under, served and were originally established largely as teaching and blue-collar trade schools. Although Black female STEM faculty comprised less than 2% of the US faculty, they are 22% at HBCUs (Mack, 2011). Using a novel theoretical framework, 24 Black Colleges with doctoral programs were compared to five (5) non-Black Colleges’ technology transfer programs. The results of a correlation analysis support hypotheses regarding the relationships between tech transfer resource inputs and outputs. It was discovered that the size of technology transfer support and licensing staff relates to the number of invention disclosures and startup formations. The amount of legal support investments did not relate to the number of licensing agreements. Further, the amount of legal support investments or patent applications filed did not relate to faculty size per program. The number of licensing agreements did positively relate to faculty size per program. Further, faculty size per program and total research expenditures positively related to total licensing agreements. There was no support for the hypothesis that the relationship between non-tenured faculty would be negatively correlated to the number of licensing agreements and start-up business formations. Publications, honors and awards are some measures of faculty quality. Gross licensing income did not correlate to the amount of faculty publications or percent of faculty with honors and awards. Interestingly, the number of invention disclosures, patent applications filed, or percent of faculty with honors and awards did not correlate to faculty with research grants. Instead, revenue from licensing and publication citations were related positively to faculty with research grants. Lastly, the more female faculty researchers there are, the more faculty honors and awards, gross licensing income and number of start-ups. These findings were used to develop a model intellectual property (IP) policy for Black Colleges. The Model IP policies can help these institutions improve their technology transfer and academic entrepreneurship endeavors. Ultimately, this will likely increase the diversity of women researchers, inventors and academic entrepreneurs in high growth, high tech fields."Journal Article Developing a Measure of Social, Ethical, and Legal Content for Intelligent Cognitive Assistants(2021) Hamilton, Clovia; Swart, William; Stokes, Gerald M."We address the issue of consumer privacy against the backdrop of the national priority of maintaining global leadership in artificial intelligence, the ongoing research in Artificial Cognitive Assistants, and the explosive growth in the development and application of Voice Activated Personal Assistants (VAPAs) such as Alexa and Siri, spurred on by the needs and opportunities arising out of the COVID-19 global pandemic. We first review the growth and associated legal issues of the of VAPAs in private homes, banks, healthcare, and education. We then summarize the policy guidelines for the development of VAPAs. Then, we classify these into five major categories with associated traits. We follow by developing a relative importance weight for each of the traits and categories; and suggest the establishment of a rating system related to the legal, ethical, functional, and social content policy guidelines established by these organizations. We suggest the establishment of an agency that will use the proposed rating system to inform customers of the implications of adopting a particular VAPA in their sphere."Journal Article Money is Morphing - Cryptocurrency can Morph to be an Environmentally and Financially Sustainable Alternative to Traditional Banking(2024) Hamilton, CloviaBitcoin is the best-known cryptocurrency for which blockchain was invented. Blockchain is a digital, decentralized distributed ledger that records transactions that take place on peer-to-peer networks. Creating a single new bitcoin takes as much electricity as a typical US household consumes in 57 days; and the annual energy consumption is equivalent to that of Sweden at 135 TWh. The energy consumption issue related to crypto mining has been debated. The US SEC’s approval of the new spot Bitcoin ETFs will likely result in an increase of crypto mining and heightened concerns. This research is a bibliometric study conducted using the critically appraised topic method using 201 publications between Jan 1, 2013 and Dec 31, 2022. The research focuses on the pros and cons of using cryptocurrency. A cryptocurrency benefit is that digital currency can provide improved access to banking and inclusion for many people in underdeveloped countries that lack banking services. This study addresses how cryptocurrency can be a more sustainable alternative to traditional banking. traditional community financial institutions and how traditional currencies can morph by embracing digital financial technology. Financial institutions can remain relevant in the face of digital asset and cryptocurrency innovations. Ten recommendations for cryptocurrency policies and legal regulations were gleaned from this bibliometric study.Journal Article Empirical Evidence of Urban Climate Adaptation Alignment with Sustainable Development: Application of LDA(2023) Jin, Saebom; Stokes, Gerald; Hamilton, Clovia"Cities are critical sites for climate action. Population and infrastructure are concentrated in urban areas and their susceptibility to climate change impacts makes them a pivotal place to embark on adaptation plans and strategies. In the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) affirms that urban adaptation allows sustainable development and resilience. However, without evidence, this affirmation fails to acquire credibility and objectivity. As an attempt to provide the evidence for the assertion, this study examines the current actions in urban centers to determine if there is an alignment between adaptation and development. The study employs text mining techniques to analyze 400 urban project descriptions from Cities100 reports (2015–2019) of the C40 network. With Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), a machine learning algorithm for topic model analysis, the study identifies 17 major topics. Using multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis to further characterize the findings, it finds an alignment of adaptation with urban sustainable and resilient development in several major cities. In this way, the paper makes a contribution to a global understanding of urban adaptation as well as demonstrates a way of adopting the grey literature into the urban adaptation studies."Journal Article Appropriation of Artisans' Intellectual Property in Fashion Design Accessories: Piracy Disguised as Giving Back?(2021) Hamilton, Clovia"Creative industries are industries focused on the creation and exploitation of intellectual property, including art, fashion design, and related creative services, such as advertisement and sales. During a trip to Burkina Faso in West Africa, Keri Fosse was taught by an African woman how to wrap newborns with fabric in a manner that creates a strong bond and frees the mother’s hands for other tasks. Burkina Faso has a craft culture and is known for its woven cotton and the textile art of Bogolan. Bogolan is a technique original to and involves the tradition of dyeing threads with bright colors, washing it skillfully, using coated and shiny Bazin, and using indigo from Benin. After this trip, Fosse and her husband developed a shirt which copies the African lady’s, Lalabu’s, technique. They developed a product called Soothe Shirt; and created a business called Lalabu. Lalabu is also the name of the African woman that the Fosses met. They have been successful. The Fosses have stated that they got the idea from Lalabu, but redesigned it for production. The couple advertises that they “giving back” by giving 2% percent of each purchase to help female African entrepreneurs through microfinancing. By offering micro-loans, the Fosses claim that when the African women repay the loan, they reinvest the money into the micro loan fund. This study advocates that practices like the Fosses’ are not representative of socially responsible entrepreneurial endeavors. Instead, these are instances of intellectual property piracy. The following sections are a discussion of the relevant legal foundation, theoretical foundation, and existing best practices. With respect to best practices, what is missing is shared ownership. Although the open appropriation of fashion designs may he commonplace in America, the appropriation of cultural artisan crafts created in other countries by Americans beg special attention."