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Journal Article Rethinking the Decentralization and Devolution of Biodiversity Conservation(1999) Enters, Thomas; Anderson, Jon"In the traditional approach to biodiversity conservation, local people and their economic activities were viewed as threats to the undisturbed functioning of natural ecosystems and were to be excluded from protected areas. However, it became evident that the social costs of exclusionary conservation projects were sometimes high, and that their success rate, even in biological terms, was disappointing. As a result, the classical approach has been replaced by integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) whose goal is to 'enhance biodiversity conservation through approaches that attempt to address the needs, constraints and opportunities of local people' by involving local people as active partners."Journal Article The Challenges of Extension for Non-wood Forest Products(1999) Anderson, Jon; Warner, Katherine; Russo, Laura; Qwist-Hoffmann, Helle"Interest in non-wood forest products (NWFPs) has risen in the past 15 years or so as foresters, conservationists and development workers have struggled with the issue of promoting economic returns from forests while simultaneously conserving them. An underlying assumption of the interest in NWFPs is that sustainable economic harvest of 'secondary' products will help avoid forest conversion to other economic land uses or extensive logging. However, this approach has recently been recognized as somewhat simplified; accumulated experience, including evidence of unsustainable extraction and negative socio-economic impacts, has led to a more complex view. More consideration is being given to the role of NWFPs in improving rural livelihoods and to the assistance that could or should be provided to help achieve this."