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Journal Article Land Use and Tenure in the Tropics(1976) Adeyoju, S. Kolade"Tropical peoples are predominantly dependent upon agriculture for their livelihood. The prospects of significantly altering this economic pattern by bringing it to a level comparable with that of industrialized countries are, in the short run, not promising. It is therefore evident that overall development must include - indeed often must begin with activities that require and use land on a fairly large scale. Without the production of a surplus in agriculture and other rural enterprises, industrialization cannot occur, unless alternative sources of foreign exchange earnings are available from the export of minerals. However, the global consequences of 'mineral warfare' in recent years indicate quite clearly that over-dependence on exportation or importation of minerals is fraught with unpredictable hazards and sophisticated forms of blackmail. While it is desirable to have a diversity of resources and it is also necessary to prefer one type of economic activity to another, there is as yet no rationale for excluding agricultural development either in the developed or developing countries. The reasons for giving increasing attention to the agricultural sector, including forestry, are both explicit and compelling."Journal Article Territories of the Lobstermen: Good Ocean Boundaries Make Good Neighbors... and Vice Versa(1972) Acheson, James M."The rules for lobster fishing territories are especially critical because they control access to the lobsters and because they have important ecological implications at a time when some parts of the marine resource are being over exploited. "Growing up in an inland area of Maine, I was for a long time vaguely aware that territoriality existed among lobstermen. Only recently, however, did I find evidence of these territorial rules and investigate them systematically."Journal Article Khumbu: Country of the Sherpas(1967) Willan, R.G.M."For many years the highest mountain in the world remained unconquered. During the 1920s and 1930s numerous expeditions attempted to climb the huge peak called Mount Everest by English geographers but without success; at last in 1953 the news was flashed to the world that the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Sherpa Tenzing Norgay had set foot on the summit. Long before this, however, members of the various climbing expeditions in the Himalayas had become acquainted with the Sherpas who live in the high country below Everest, a people of Tibetan origin who are believed to have crossed the high passes of the Himalayas into the region now known as Khumbu about two centuries ago."Journal Article Value Added, Margins, and Consumer Expenditures for Edible Fishery Products in the United States 1976-78(1979) Penn, Erwin S.; Crews, Wenona J."The presentation in value terms of the basic estimates in this study makes it possible to produce analogous figures that can be compared with gross national product value of other industries, and total and per capita expenditures for other food products."Journal Article Where Forest Reserves Improve Agriculture(1975) Adeyoju, S. Kolade"The creation of forest reserves in the tropics can have a good effect on the quality of agriculture. The same people who destroy forests in order to carry out low-yield farming and grazing can be persuaded into better ways through sensible forest reserve policies. The author draws on Nigeria's experience."Journal Article Sociological Problems and Asian Forestry(1969) Nowak, K.; Polycarpou, Andreas"A seminar on social relations in the forestry sector for participants from Asian countries, sponsored by the Swedish International Development Authority, FAO and the Government of Cyprus was arranged in September-October 1969. A preparatory, fact-finding mission to selected countries in the region was undertaken early in 1969."Journal Article American Institutions and Ecological Ideals: Scientific and Literary Views of our Expansionary Life-style are Converging(1970) Marx, Leo"The chief question before us, then, is this: What are the prospects, given the character of America's dominant institutions, for the fulfillment of this ecological ideal? But first, what is the significance of the current 'environmental crusade'? Why should we be skeptical about its efficacy? How shall we account for the curious response of the scientific community? To answer these questions I will attempt to characterize certain of our key institutions from an ecological perspective. I want to suggest the striking convergence of the scientific and the literary criticism of our national life-style. In conclusion I will suggest a few responses to the ecological crisis indicated by that scientific-literary critique."Journal Article Oyster Seed Hatcheries on the U.S. West Coast: An Overview(1979) Clark, Jerry E.; Langmo, Donald"Oyster production in the United States has been diminishing for nearly 80 years. Natural disasters (including disease and predation), pollution, siltation, and land reclamation projects have all contributed to the decline. Present U.S. production is not even equal to what once came from the Chesapeake Bay alone."Journal Article Agri-Silviculture in Tropical America(1979) Weaver, Peter"Agri-silviculture is a production scheme that supplies wood, foodstuffs and/or animal products from a single management unit where good agricultural practices are complemented by the judicious use of trees. Such a unit could be a farm, a small community or a portion of a watershed. Despite its numerous benefits, agri-silviculture should not be seen as a substitute for intensive agriculture or forestry on any given terrain. Trees compete for light and water, and unless properly managed, can reduce marketable produce. Agri-silviculture is best viewed as one means to keep certain slopes in permanent production or to rehabilitate lands degraded by poor agriculture practices."Journal Article Minor Forest Products: Their Total Value is of a Major Order(1974) Robbins, S.R.J.; Matthews, W.S.A."The authors give a survey of minor forest products which are significant in the economies of tropical lands in particular. These include turpentine from pines, perfumery oils from roots, stumps and fruits of various tree species, and gums and exudates which go into products as different as confectioneries and golf balls. There are also spices, medicines, dyes and tannins. Most minor forest products are export currency earners and many are well suited for local processing industries."