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Conference Paper Vertical Collective Action: Addressing Vertical Asymmetries in Watershed Management(2009) Cárdenas, Juan-Camilo; Johnson, Nancy; Rodriguez, Luz Angela"Watersheds have the characteristic of connecting people vertically by water flows, making relationships among users of water more complex. The location of the people along the watershed defines their role in the provision and appropriation of water. Verticality in watersheds thus imposes a challenge to collective action. This paper presents the results of field experiments conducted in four watersheds of two different countries: Colombia (South America) and Kenya (Africa). We recruited around 639 watersheds inhabitants from upstream, midstream and downstream locations in these basins and conducted field experiments to study the role that location and verticality plays in affecting cooperation at the provision and appropriation decisions. Two field experiments were conducted: the 'Irrigation Game' a new experimental design that includes the provision and appropriation nature of the resource, and the 'Water Trust Game' an adaptation of the Trust Game where we explicitly announce the actual location upstream or downstream of the two players. The results show that reciprocity and trust are very important motivations for upstream-downstream cooperation and that the role of upstream players has important implications in water provision decisions. Results from both experiments suggest that the lack of trust from downstream players towards upstream players restricts the possibilities of cooperation among the watershed users."Working Paper Irrigation Practices in Ethiopia: Characteristics of Selected Irrigation Schemes(2007) Girma, Michael M.; Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele"This report is prepared based on a collaborative research project titled 'Impact of Irrigation on Poverty and Environment'. The overall project focuses on understanding the crucial role that water, in conjunction with other factors, needs to play to reduce poverty and food insecurity, while maintaining an environmental balance. The research promotes irrigation development that will enhance positive impacts such as poverty alleviation and minimize negative impacts such as environmental degradation. In this report, documentation and information for 12 irrigation systems totaling about 22 sites/schemes have been identified. The common characteristics of these schemes have been provided in this report, with a view of having comprehensive information on the selected case study sites based on rapid appraisal, secondary data and site visits."Working Paper Global Irrigated Area Mapping: Overview and Recommendations(2002) Droogers, Peter"This working paper gives an overview of the available global datasets on irrigated areas and an evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses. From these analyses an outline on how to develop a global irrigated area map, based on a generic methodology, is be presented. Some examples are given for the area covering India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. These countries offer a broad range of irrigated areas in different environmental settings, ranging from deserts to humid tropics."Journal Article Smallholder Irrigators, Water Rights and Investments in Agriculture: Three Cases from Rural Mozambique(2013) Veldwisch, Gert Jan; Beekman, Wouter; Bolding, Alex"In the context of the prevalent neo-liberal discourse on rural development through improved markets, involvement of companies and a strong reliance on foreign investors this article examines the vulnerable position of smallholder irrigators and their water rights. Through the parallel analysis of three contrasting cases of smallholder irrigation in Mozambique and a comparison with formal Mozambican law, it is shown that a big gap exists between formal water rights and water rights in practice. For each case, it is shown how land and water rights are connected and how a successful defence of land rights provides a good basis for a defence of smallholder water rights. Furthermore, as productivity and efficiency arguments are prominent and influential, those smallholders who are able to turn their use into the production of economic value manage best to materialise their claims on both land and water. The paper concludes with recommendations to strengthen the position of smallholders in response to increasing threats of land and water grabbing."Journal Article Irrigated Area Maps and Statistics of India Using Remote Sensing and National Statistics(2009) Thenkabail, Prasad; Dheeravath, Venkateswarlu; Biradar, Chandrashekhar M.; Gangalakunta, Obi Reddy P.; Noojipady, Praveen; Gurappa, Chandrakantha; Velpuri, Manohar; Gumma, Murali Krishna; Li, Yuanjie"The goal of this research was to compare the remote-sensing derived irrigated areas with census-derived statistics reported in the national system. India, which has nearly 30% of global annualized irrigated areas (AIAs), and is the leading irrigated area country in the World, along with China, was chosen for the study. Irrigated areas were derived for nominal year 2000 using time-series remote sensing at two spatial resolutions: (a) 10-km Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and (b) 500-m Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). These areas were compared with the Indian National Statistical Data on irrigated areas reported by the: (a) Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES) of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), and (b) Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR). A state-by-state comparison of remote sensing derived irrigated areas when compared with MoWR derived irrigation potential utilized (IPU), an equivalent of AIA, provided a high degree of correlation with R2 values of: (a) 0.79 with 10-km, and (b) 0.85 with MODIS 500-m. However, the remote sensing derived irrigated area estimates for India were consistently higher than the irrigated areas reported by the national statistics. The remote sensing derived total area available for irrigation (TAAI), which does not consider intensity of irrigation, was 101 million hectares (Mha) using 10-km and 113 Mha using 500-m. The AIAs, which considers intensity of irrigation, was 132 Mha using 10-km and 146 Mha using 500-m. In contrast the IPU, an equivalent of AIAs, as reported by MoWR was 83 Mha. There are “large variations” in irrigated area statistics reported, even between two ministries (e.g., Directorate of Statistics of Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Water Resources) of the same national system. The causes include: (a) reluctance on part of the states to furnish irrigated area data in view of their vested interests in sharing of water, and (b) reporting of large volumes of data with inadequate statistical analysis. Overall, the factors that influenced uncertainty in irrigated areas in remote sensing and national statistics were: (a) inadequate accounting of irrigated areas, especially minor irrigation from groundwater, in the national statistics, (b) definition issues involved in mapping using remote sensing as well as national statistics, (c) difficulties in arriving at precise estimates of irrigated area fractions (IAFs) using remote sensing, and (d) imagery resolution in remote sensing. The study clearly established the existing uncertainties in irrigated area estimates and indicates that both remote sensing and national statistical approaches require further refinement. The need for accurate estimates of irrigated areas are crucial for water use assessments and food security studies and requires high emphasis."Conference Paper Fusion Technique to Extract Detail Information from Moderate Resolution Data for Global Scale Image Map Production(2003) Canisius, Francis X. J.; Turral, Hugh"The Global Irrigated Area mapping project at IWMI addresses the need to develop improved regional or global image products that incorporate spatial and temporal heterogeneity of agriculture. Fusion of freely available high temporal resolution MODIS composite image and high spatial resolution GeoCover Landsat TM mosaic is an appropriate approach to monitor temporal and spatial variability in agriculture at global scale. Methodologies were developed using the techniques of IHS color transformation and Principal Component Analysis to produce global image fusion products. In these processes, the spectral characteristics of the original MODIS multi-spectral image are maintained. In effect one can clearly identify the textural and structural features of land cover as well as the vegetation cover at the period of MODIS data acquisition. Moreover it improves classification accuracy and spatial disaggregation."Working Paper Water Markets in the Fordwah/Eastern Sadiqia Area: An Answer to Perceived Deficiencies in Canal Water Supplies?(1994) Strosser, Pierre; Kuper, Marcel"This paper presents the results of a study on water markets in the Fordwah/Eastern Sadiqia Area, Punjab, Pakistan. The study stresses and quantifies the importance of water markets in the area. A first attempt is made to evaluate the the impact of water markets on the quality of irrigation services."Conference Paper Impacts of Management Turnover in Two Irrigation Districts in Colombia(1996) Vermillion, Douglas L.; Garces-Restrepo, Carlos"This paper assesses the impacts of the transfer of management for two irrigation districts in Colombia from a government agency to farmer water users associations. Changes in governance and management roles, responsibility and rights are defined and related to incentives of the water users to achieve certain performance objectives. Since the transfer in 1976, the financial viability of the districts has improved primarily through increased water charges, sideline revenues and reductions in staff. Farmer-elected boards revised operational procedures and cropping patterns, which supported an enlargement of service area with the same water. A complete inventory of canals and structures documented that the schemes have been reasonably well maintained by the districts. Gross value of agricultural output has risen well ahead of inflation. The total cost of irrigation has declined relative to both cost of production and gross value of output. The paper also presents survey data on perspectives of farmers, irrigation staff and agency officials."Working Paper The Governance and Management of Irrigation Systems: An Institutional Perspective(1993) Yan-Tang, Shui; Ostrom, Elinor"During the past three decades, massive resources have been invested by donor agencies and developing countries in technologically sophisticated, large-scale irrigation projects. Even though the planning processes for these projects rely on modern benefit-cost analysis, many projects that looked outstanding on paper have not fared well 'on the ground.' Costs have usually been higher than expected, and benefits have been lower. Cost recovery has often not proved feasible."Working Paper Gender in Lift Irrigation Schemes in East Gujarat, India(2001) Saini, Harmeet; Van Koppen, Barbara"A major drawback of India's agriculture, watershed development and irrigation strategy has been the neglect of relatively wetter catchment areas and the tribal people living therein. Investing in small-scale interventions for improved water control can produce a dramatic impact on the productivity and dependability of tribal livelihood systems."