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Conference Paper Consolidation of Local Democracy In River Preservation And Fisheries Management on The Lower Sao Francisco River, Northeast Brazil(2006) Andrade, Renata Marson Teixeira de"This paper focuses on the effects of institutional choices and recognition on decentralization of river preservation and fisheries management on the Lower Sao Francisco River, Northeast Brazil, especially since the 1990s. By emphasizing issues of inequities and marginalization that stem from identity politics and institutional choices, the objective is to understand how the institutionalization of participatory watershed and fisheries/aquaculture management programs increase or decrease the possibility of democratic action and democratic control at the local level. Grounded in a detailed ethnographic study in two municipalities, this paper explores how the decentralization of the Federal Government's Revitalization Plan in the Sao Francisco River basin changes access to democratic control over fishing resources. It finds that the decentralization of the Revitalization Plan in some cases expands and in others undercuts the possibility of democratic action, especially for historically marginalized local communities whose livelihoods have traditionally depended on the river habitat, water quality and flow regime. This paper also examines the extent to which elected municipal versus traditional fishing authorities represent the interests and needs of fishing communities with regard to fisheries management. It first traces the historical context of the relationship between fishing communities and state in the region, and then presents detailed findings drawn from two municipalities alongside the Sao Francisco River. It finds that the process of institutionalizing participatory watershed and fisheries management in Brazil has helped in some circumstances to undermine and in others to strengthen both elected municipal and fishing communities along the lower Sao Francisco River."Conference Paper Evolution in Nature of Collective Action around Water-Bodies in Bangalore(2015) Nath, Sanchayan"The city of Bangalore in India has been struggling to prevent the destruction of its water-bodies. Over the last few decades, the city has witnessed sustained self-organized efforts to prevent the destruction of its numerous water-bodies. The nature of collective action has however changed over the years – what started off as a very state-led initiative in water-body rejuvenation has gradually transformed into a citizen led movement. The ideology of governance has also changed, as the nature of participants involved in the collective action process has changed. The objective of this paper is to map these changes. Using a series of intensive semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in the collection action around a sample of 8 water-bodies from Bangalore, I seek to understand how the nature of collective action has evolved and how the ideology of governance has also changed parallelly. I try to support the data collected through my interviews with data collected through archival and secondary research."Conference Paper Bioeconomic Approach to Investment and Regulatory Policy Formulation for Cage Culture of Tilapia in Sampaloc Lake, Philippines(1993) Tan, Reynaldo L.; Higuchi, Teizo; Honma, Tetsushi"The main concern of this study is two-fold: to improve the efficiency and productivity of cage culture operation of Tilapia in Sampaloc Lake and to provide practical bases for reassessing the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) Fishery Zoning Plan. Primary data consisted of surveys of fishcage farmers operation in 1986 and 1990. Results of regression analysis showed that fish size at harvest, stocking density and feeding rate affect yield significantly. Moreover, due to the shift to more intensive feeding, the issue of overcrowding can be ignored and locational advantage plays a minor role. However, it was empirically confirmed that feeds were being applied in excess relative to the prevailing stocking density. At the prevailing technology, the optimal stocking density was found to be 19 times higher than the actual average of about 20 fingerlings/ sq. m. This optimum stocking density was compared to the stocking densities in other countries and it turned out to be relatively moderate. Technical investigation of the cage size-stocking density relationship showed that the carrying capacity of a cage varies primarily with its size. A stochastic frontier total cost function employing translog functional form was used in measuring the levels of inefficiency of the individual cage farmers and the average inefficiency level was found to be 14%. Cage size, stocking density and culture length tend to affect inefficiency the most and the prevailing average yield level, only about 15% of the existing average cage size is needed to produce it. Thus, the 15-ha fishcage belt limit being imposed by LLDA can be met without necessarily dislocating any of the fishcage farmers in the lake."Thesis or Dissertation Die Siedlungswasserwirtschaft unter Wettbewerbsdruck : Nachhaltigkeit, Demokratie und die Neuregulierung des Oeffentlichen(2005) Katzmayr, Michael"In Austria, the local water services are in most cases still provided by public authorities. However, this may change due to strong tendencies to liberalise and privatise the public services. Especially the European Commission and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of World Trade Organisation (WTO) favour a liberalisation of the public services. This thesis deals with the effects of the liberalisation and privatisation of municipal water services (water supply and sewage disposal) on democracy and environmental policy aspects related to a sustainable local development. The theoretical part of this thesis provides a general overview of the relevant discourses in this field. Next, the concept of sustainable development is described, related to local communities. In the following, considerations are provided, how participation can be realised effectively in the community. Focus points in this connexion are the concepts 'strong democracy' (Teilhabe in German) and 'publicness'. After an overview of the social and ecological specialities of the local water services, reasons for and against liberalisation and privatisation in this sector are presented. In the empirical part of the thesis, the status quo of the local water services in Vienna and Linz is researched by the means of experts' interviews and an analysis of relevant documents. It is described, how these cities deal with the neoliberal claims concerning the public services. As a result, it can be stated that from an ecological point of view a decrease of the ecological performance due to privatisation can not be argued generally in the local water sector. However, a raise in the ecological performance is also not likely. Concerning the local democracy and participation, it can be stated that the local water services at present act paternalistically and undemocratically. This means that a substantial loss of democracy is not likely. Nonetheless, in case of privatisations the still existing chances and potentialities for 'strong democracy' and a democratisation of the public services are likely to get lost." German Abstract: "Die kommunale Siedlungswasserwirtschaft in Oesterreich wird derzeit noch weitgehend durch die oeffentliche Hand erbracht, allerdings steht dies durch Bestrebungen der Liberalisierung und Privatisierung der Daseinsvorsorge zunehmend zur Disposition. Insbesondere die Europaeische Kommission und das GATS-Abkommen der Welthandelsorganisation (WTO) treiben eine Liberalisierungspolitik in der Daseinsvorsorge voran. Diese Arbeit behandelt Auswirkungen der Liberalisierung und Privatisierung der kommunalen Wasserver- und Abwasserentsorgung auf demokratie- und umweltpolitische Aspekte einer nachhaltigen Gemeindeentwicklung. Im theoretischen Teil wird zu Beginn auf die derzeit gaengigen Diskurse in der Debatte rund um die Neugestaltung der Daseinsvorsorge eingegangen. Nach einer Annaeherung an den Begriff der nachhaltigen Entwicklung wird der Stellenwert der Gemeinde darin referiert. Daran fuegen sich Ueberlegungen, wie Partizipation auf kommunaler Ebene verwirklicht werden kann, wobei besonders auf die Konzeptionen 'Teilhabe' und 'Oeffentlichkeit' eingegangen wird. Nach einer Beleuchtung der oekonomischen und oekologischen Besonderheiten der kommunalen Siedlungswasserwirtschaft werden die Gruende für und wider eine Liberalisierung und Privatisierung gegenuebergestellt. Im empirischen Teil wird der Status quo der Siedlungswasserwirtschaft in Wien und Linz mittels Experteninterviews und einer Dokumentenanalyse erhoben und dargestellt, wie sich diese Staedte den neoliberalen Umgestaltungsprozessen der Daseinsvorsorge gegenueber verhalten. Als Ergebnis kann festgehalten werden, dass in oekologischer Hinsicht eine Verschlechterung der Umwelteffektivitaet durch eine marktliche Ausgestaltung der Siedlungswasserwirtschaft nicht pauschal behauptet werden kann, eine Verbesserung scheint jedoch ebenso unwahrscheinlich. Aus demokratiepolitischer Sicht muss festgestellt werden, dass sich die kommunale Siedlungswasserwirtschaft derzeit als weitgehend paternalistisch und undemokratisch darstellt und somit eine Ersetzung der politischen durch eine marktliche Steuerung nur wenig substantiellen Demokratieverlust mit sich braechte. Allerdings wuerden durch Privatisierungen die jetzt noch bestehenden Potentiale für eine Demokratisierung der oeffentlichen Dienste bzw. der res publica insgesamt verloren gehen."Conference Paper Insights from the Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture(2006) Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in AgricultureFrom Introduction: "This Assessment finds that there is enough land, water and human capacity to produce enough food for a growing population over the next 50 years, so in this sense the world is not 'running out' of water. But the Assessment also finds a multitude of water, food and environmental issues that add up to a crisis. Water is a constraint to acquiring food for hundreds of millions of people. Important aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems are damaged or threatened. The competition for scarce water resources is intense. And in many basins there is not enough water to meet all the demands—or even for rivers to reach the sea. These local problems could grow in number and severity, or shrink, depending on whether and how they are addressed. "What is clear is that today’s water management challenges—and tomorrow’s—differ greatly from those of 50 years ago, or even 25, and thus require new approaches. Those approaches will be broader, looking into the opportunities in rainfed, irrigated, livestock and fisheries systems—and in preserving, even restoring, ecosystems. They will build water systems for many purposes and manage them to provide a wide range of ecosystem services. They will be more participatory and involve informed multi-stakeholder dialogues to deal with the many trade-offs. And they will embrace diverse interests and institutions to increase the equity of water’s use. These are the hopes emanating from this Assessment of water for food and for life."Journal Article Is the Water Sector Lagging behind Education and Health on Aid Effectiveness? Lessons from Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Uganda(2009) Welle, Katharina; Tucker, Josephine; Nicol, Alan; Evans, Barbara"A study in three countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia and Uganda) assessed progress against the Paris Principles for Aid Effectiveness (AE) in three sectors – water, health and education – to test the assumption that the water sector is lagging behind. The findings show that it is too simplistic to say that the water sector is lagging, although this may well be the case in some countries. The study found that wider governance issues are more important for AE than having in place sector‐specific mechanics such as Sector‐Wide Approaches alone. National political leadership and governance are central drivers of sector AE, while national financial and procurement systems and the behaviour of actors who have not signed up to the Paris Principles – at both national and global levels – have implications for progress that cut across sectors. Sectors and sub‐sectors do nonetheless have distinct features that must be considered in attempting to improve sector‐level AE. In light of these findings, using political economy approaches to better understand and address governance and strengthening sector‐level monitoring is recommended as part of efforts to improve AE and development results in the water sector."Conference Paper Law & Economics Approach to the Study of Integrated Management Regimes of Estuaries(2004) Van De Griendt, Wim"In this working paper a first attempt is undertaken to adapt the Schlager & Ostrom 'Bundle of rights' framework, so that it is applicable in situations of multiple-commons with a coordinating role for the government and/or NGO's. For this purpose, two new types of ownership are added to the framework, namely the trustee and the steward."Conference Paper Institutional Sustainability for Water Resource Management: A Case Study of Dong People's Water Resource Management in Zengchong Village, Congjiang County, Guizhou Province, P.R. China(2003) Zhinan, Li"In Zengchong village, there was a traditional Kuan institution for water resource management in the past, which was eventually destroyed, but now local people have constructed the Cun Gui Min Yue for water resource management, which was derived from traditional Kuan. Through analyze this dynamic process, this paper found that local tradition can be manipulated even under the modernized China today. And also this paper demonstrates how the development of local water institution articulated with outsider context."Journal Article Improved Sanitation and Hygiene: Allowing Children to Thrive, Survive and Grow(2008) Dooley, Therese"By now we all know the grim reality – that over 40 percent of the global population or 2.5 billion people live without access to improved sanitation. And we know that sanitation is important for health, dignity, environmental protection, social and economic development. But perhaps what is not as tangible in this dialogue is that, underlying the statistics and facts, are real people, real lives– and more specifically those of young children – that bear the brunt of this global crisis."Journal Article The Right (?) of Access (?) to Water Supply and Sanitation (?): A Polemic about Mixing Issues(2006) Matz, Manfred"Twenty-five years of on-the-ground experience in water policy advisory service has taught SIWI’s Manfred Matz a lot. One lesson he has learned is that, not surprisingly, water professionals may say one thing but mean another. In this article, Mr. Matz describes how something as simple as terminology can cause confusion for those inside and outside of the water sector."