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Book Chapter Polycentricity and Citizenship in Environmental Governance(Cambridge University Press, 2019) Marshall, Graham R.; Malik, Anas; Thiel, Andreas; Blomquist, William A.; Garrick, D.E."This chapter is concerned with relationships between governance arrangements and environmental citizenship, and with the challenges of establishing and sustaining governance conducive to this citizenship. The significance of this concern is illustrated by Australian experiences with governance arrangements seeking to promote citizenship among rural landholders in natural resources conservation. In considering this concern we take our lead from a line of thinking about polycentric governance that was developed by Vincent Ostrom, who drew in turn from de Tocqueville’s early 19th century analysis of the American democratic ‘experiment’. Ostrom identified ‘the way people think and relate to one another’ (pertaining to the meta-constitutional level of analysis in the Institutional Analysis and Development framework) as fundamentally significant for meeting the challenges of achieving polycentric governance capable of promoting citizenship, and also the citizenship required to sustain polycentric governance. Key insights drawn by Ostrom regarding the meta-constitutional conditions required for forms of polycentric governance conducive to citizenship are reviewed in this chapter to suggest areas for continuing research into the viability of self-governing polycentric orders. Progress in empirical investigation of relationships between polycentric governance and environmental citizenship is reviewed. One relationship of this kind is illustrated with reference to attempts at policy reform towards environmental watering in Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin."Book Chapter Integrating Holism and Segmentalism: Overcoming Barriers to Adaptive Co-Management between Management Agencies and Multi-Sector Bodies(UBC Press, 2007) Pinkerton, Evelyn; Armitage, Derek; Berkes, Fikret; Doubleday, N."In January 2005, I and another evaluation team member,' Anita Bedo, delivered an evaluation of a three-year pilot initiative in adaptive co-management to the co-managing body, the West Coast Vancouver Island Aquatic Management Board (AMB).' This body is attempting to move towards integrated ecosystem-based management of a coastal area covering some two-thirds of the west coast of Vancouver Island in British Columbia. The evaluation was intended to inform not only the co-management board itself but also the four levels of government that fund and sponsor it, as the pilot project was to end in March 2005 (and to be up for renewal). The sponsoring governments are the federal Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), the Province of British Columbia, the Regional Districts of Alberni-Clayoquot and Comox-Strathcona, and the Nuu-chah-nulth Tribal Council. By far the most important funder (50 percent) and sponsor (because they have the legal mandate to manage most aquatic resources) was the DFO. The DFO eventually opted to continue supporting the AMB, at least for another two years beyond the three-year pilot, but their continued support and vision for the future of the AMB is uncertain. The nature of these differences exemplifies the difficulties in coordinating the perspectives of government bureaucracies and community-based (or regionally based) co-managers. This discussion explores key dimensions of these difficulties and options for overcoming them. After briefly noting how these difficulties surfaced in our evaluation and the discussion surrounding it, I review some aspects of what the literature on organizational behaviour contributes to the discussion. This review is not comprehensive but is meant to highlight key aspects relevant to adaptive co-management."Book Chapter People's Struggles for Water Rights over Kelo River Waters(Routledge, 2007) Kashwan, Prakash; Sharma, Ramesh Chandra; Joy, K. J.; Gujja, B.; Paranjape, S.; Goud, V.; Vispute, S."At issue is the permission granted by the Chhattisgarh government (GoC) to Jindal Strips Limited, now called Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL), to extract water through a combination of stop dams and intake wells from the Kelo, downstream of Raigarh town. According to the local population and activists, fourteen villages of Raigarh district in Chhattisgarh and nine villages in Orissa are affected, causing loss of livelihood, pollution of drinking water and increased drudgery for women. A writ petition against JSPL has been filed in the High Court of Chhattisgarh."Book Chapter Water Rights in the State of Nature: The Dynamic Emergence of Common Expectations in an Indonesian Settlement(Vistaar and Intermediate Technology Publications, 1997) Vermillion, Douglas L.; Bruns, Bryan; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth"This study examines how a socially recognized and predictable pattern of water rights and allocation emerged from a process of trial and error with water allocation and negotiations in a resettlement area in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Balinese farmers in two newly developed irrigation systems recognized that the traditional rule of water allocation that divides water proportionately to area served was a simplistic first approximation. "Through inter-personal exchanges a set of socially-recognized criteria emerged to justify certain farmers in taking more than proportional amounts of water, 'borrowing water,' in response to diversity among fields in soils, access to secondary water supplies, distance from the headworks and other factors. A decision tree model uses field observations of water distribution over two seasons to assess criteria used for modifying distribution. Such criteria constituted a second approximation for more equitable water allocation among farmers."Book Chapter Recent Trends in the Spatial Structure of Wind Forcing and SST in the California Current System(Editions de L’Orstom, 1998) Schwing, Franklin; Parrish, Richard; Mendelssohn, Roy; Durand, Marie-Helen; Cury, Philippe; Mendelssohn, Roy; Roy, C.; Bakun, Andrew; Pauly, Daniel"State-space statistical models are applied to long time series of monthly COADS northward wind stress and sea surface temperature (SST) from the California Current System (CCS) for the period 1946-1990. The models estimate a nonparametric and non-linear trend, a non-stationary and nondeterministic seasonal signal, and an autoregressive (AR) term. They are also applied to long SST time series from selected coastal sites for comparison to the COADS series. SST shows decadal-scale periods of warm and cool anomalies that extend through the entire CCS. Wind stress anomalies are less extensive latitudinally and generally uncorrelated with SST, suggesting that decadal-scale SST variations in the CCS are controlled by fluctuations in the basin- to global-scale pressure and wind fields, rather than local wind forcing. The CCS can be divided into three distinct geographical regions, which are similar to the system's biological regions. The non-hern region of the CCS (42-48"N) features a transition from strongly equatorward to poleward stress with distance north. The mean stress north of 44"N is poleward and has become increasingly poleward over time. This region features spatially uniform SST that has cooled over time. Winds south of 42"N are equatorward and can be described in terms of a central and southern region. The central region (34-42"N) exhibits the strongest wind stress in the CCS; equatorward stress has increased over time more than in the northern and southern regions. This region features the greatest interannual to decadal variation in stress and SST as well. Stress in the southern region (22-34ON) has become increasingly equatorward over time in a relatively monotonic pattern. Mean SST decreases consistently with increasing latitude in the central and southern regions. SST off California warms rapidly in response to ENS0 events as well as the 1976 regime shift, but much more slon~lya t other latitudes. mi l e SST along the entire Coast has warmed during the past several decades, offshore SST has cooled north of 36"N. This long-term cooling in the northern CCS is linked to large-scale cool anomalies in the central north Pacific rather than changes in local wind forcing. A different complex of processes is responsible for the long-term coastal warming tendency. It also appears that distinct combinations of windforced advection, mixing and direct heating lead to significantly different regional responses of the coastal ocean to climate change, which in turn may have substantial consequences for marine populations in eastern boundary current ecosystems."Book Chapter Dynamics of the Coastal Zone in the High Islands of Oceania: Management Implications and Options(Institute of Pacific Studies, 1993) David, Gilbert; Waddel, E.; Nunn, P.D."This article focuses on the relationships between the human and the physical parameters of the coastal zone. The first part is concerned with defining the boundaries, terrestrial and maritime, of the coastal zone. The second part deals with its dynamics. It first discusses the overall dynamics of the relationships between the foreshore and both the land and marine environments adjacent to it. It then proceeds to explain the internal dynamics of the coastal environment itself, distinguishing between the land component, the marine component, and the interface between the two. The third and final part concerns the preservation of the coastal zone and its place in the sustainable development of high islands. Following a brief overview of the dangers that threaten this fragile environment, it stresses its economic and human potential, and discusses problems raised by the pricing of the coastal zone."Book Chapter Institutional Analysis(International Development Research Centre, 1998) Pomeroy, Robert S."Institutional analysis is the identification of various resource users, stakeholders and organizations involved in community-based coastal resource management (CBCRM). It also involves an examination of the institutional arrangements, the set of rights and rules for CBCRM in a community. An institutional analysis is usually conducted early in the CBCRM process during the planning phase. The level of detail can range from a simple description of the existing coastal resource management system to a very detailed analysis of the management system in terms of equity, efficiency and sustainability."Book Chapter Negotiating Access and Rights: A Case Study of Disputes over Rights to an Irrigation Water Source in Nepal(Draft, 1997) Pradhan, Rajendra; Pradhan, Ujjwal; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth; Bruns, Bryan"Nepal has a long history of irrigation but until the middle of this century direct involvement of the Nepalese state in irrigation management and development was limited except when it benefitted the ruling elite. Although the state did construct or finance the construction or repairs of irrigation systems and managed or supervised the management of some systems, its main contribution to irrigation development was by means of laws and regulations which encouraged and sometimes forced local elites and ordinary farmers, usually tenants, to construct and operate irrigation systems. Legal tradition and weak administration made it possible and necessary for the irrigators to construct and manage their irrigation systems with little interference from state agencies."Book Chapter Lava Ka Baas Traditional Water Harvesting Structure: The Community behind 'Community'(Routledge, 2007) Kashwan, Prakash; Joy, K. J.; Gujja, B.; Paranjape, S.; Goud, V.; Vispute, S."This case study is about a traditional water harvesting structure constructed on a drain in Lava Ka Baas (LKB) village of Thanagazi block, Alwar district in Rajasthan. Ironically, while the battle was apparently fought to protect community rights over water resources, this study highlights the failure of strengthening community institutions, a must for ensuring equitable distribution of benefits."Book Chapter Challenges to Decentralization of Watershed Management: The Case of New South Wales, Australia(ICFAI University Press, 2008) Fidelman, Pedro; Menon, Sudha Venu; Pillai, P. A."Decentralization includes different types of policy reforms aiming to shift powers from centralized to more localized institutions. It has gained increasing support, particularly in the realm of natural resources management (NRM). Moving towards more decentralized forms of NRM can, however, involve remarkable institutional challenges. Understanding the factors that can facilitate and/or constrain decentralization is, therefore, critical in overcoming such challenges, as well as (re)designing and implementing more suitable policies. In Australia, catchment management - a watershed management initiative - is an example of moving decision-making for NRM from the State to the catchment (watershed) level. New South Wales (NSW) was the first Australian State to adopt, in the late 1980s, catchment management as a state-wide statutory policy. Catchment management has since undergone a number of institutional changes. Specific legislation, for instance, has been introduced and reformed, such as the Catchment Management Act 1989, the Catchment Management Regulation 1999, and the Catchment Management Authorities Act 2003. Consequently, Catchment Management Committees, which operated in the 1990s were replaced by Catchment Management Boards in 2000, which in turn, have recently been replaced with Catchment Management Authorities. This paper summarizes some of the findings from a broader study on the NSW catchment management initiative (see Fidelman, 2006), and examines decentralized approaches to NRM as part of such a NSW initiative. Building on the Ostrom's institutional rule sets and the recent theorizing on decentralization of NRM, an evaluative framework was developed to examine catchment management in NSW."