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Conference Paper The Grammar of Institutions: The Challenge to Distinguish Between Norms and Rules(2008) Schlüter, Achim; Theesfeld, Insa"This paper discusses the grammar of institutions developed by Sue Crawford and Elinor Ostrom and tries to show avenues where the grammar could be extended. One of the ambiguities in the grammar is the clear distinction between norms and rules. The paper compares the distinction made by Crawford and Ostrom with other distinctions made between norms and rules. Apart from minor additional criteria the distinction between rules and norms in the grammar is the or else statement. We argue that on the one hand, apart from routine based behaviour we can always assume an or else characterising institutional statements and, on the other hand, we are often not aware of the possible consequences of disobeying a rule and act due to internal and external emotional factors. Therefore, the distinction between norms and rules becomes difficult. We propose to draw a line between rules and norms based on the continuous seriousness of sanctionability of the or else, we distinguish between automated, internal and external emotional and more tangible fine sanctions. It is argued that internal and external emotional factors, the delta parameters in the language of the grammar, are the ones on which we should focus if we want to understand the reasons people follow or disobey an institutional statement."Conference Paper Study of Brazilian Case: The Benefits for the Communtiy in Participating in the Administration of Their Own Resources(2008) Wandscheer, Clarissa Bueno; Mares, Carlos Frederico"The growing pressures for the environmental protection reflected also in Brazil, and forms were created for the protection and the conservation of the environment with the law 9.985 of 2000, that established the National System of Units of Conservation. These units of conservation are divided in indirect and direct use. The first ones are those destined to the integral protection of the natural resources. On the other hand, the direct use ones are those related to sustainable uses. Collection and use, commercially or not, of the natural resources are allowed in the way to guarantee the renewal of the environmental resources and the ecological processes. It is important to bring out that the units of conservation destined for maintainable development allow the presence of traditional populations with their life way based on maintainable systems for the use of the natural resources. This case study is about the Reservation of Maintainable Development of Mamiraua, in the State of Amazon. In 1990 that State created the Ecological Station of Mamiraua, with 1.124.000 hectare in the flooded forests of the Central Amazonian. In 1993, the area was recognized by the RAMSAR Convention, as one of the five in Brazil. The State of Amazon, in anticipation of the elaboration of a federal law, created a new category of protected area, identified as Reservation of Maintainable Development (RDS) and transformed the Ecological Station of Mamiraua, to the first RDS in the state. That politics would be only added to the federal legislation in 2000, with the elaboration of SNUC. To guarantee the sustainability and the environment understanding it was prioritized the community's participation in the administration of the RDS resources, such as: forest, fishing, family agriculture, art, ecotourism and creation of alligators."Conference Paper Study on Water Utilization in Chinese Rural Areas(2008) Rong, Tan; Zhiyong, Yu; Xiangheng, Luo"In China, because rural population is great and agriculture is very important in national economy, rural areas have becomes a main sphere of water consume. There exist the problems of water shortage and water waste in the countryside. The conflicts of water resource supply and demand between industry and agriculture are very conspicuous. Various factors that include ideology, finance, technology, management and policy restrict the rational and effective use of water resource. The survey on the villages of Jiagezhuang and Yaobaizhuang in Ji County, Tianjin reflects these problems. The government tries to solve the problems by making laws and policies, as well as affording financial and technology support to towns and villages. At the same time, it is necessary for the government to make officials and farmers realize the importance of rational water usage and saving by doing propaganda, coordinating the inter-governments relations, and defining the departments' duties. For realizing the objective of rational water usage, it is necessary to take measures to construct and perfect irrigation installations by both superior and local governments 'investment and farmers' labor force."Conference Paper The Politics of Technology and the Governance of Commons(2008) Tenenberg, Josh"In the 40 years since Hardin's fatalistic pronouncement that privatization and centralized state control are the only two institutional arrangements capable of preventing the tragedy of the commons, there has been considerable research to the contrary. The same could not be said for a similar pronouncement by Lewis Mumford in 1964 concerning the politics of technology in his 'Authoritarian and Democratic Technics.' Mumford contrasts a technology that is powerful, centralized, and authoritarian with a technology that is distributed, human-centered, and democratic, suggesting that man's autonomy and ability to self-govern hang in the balance between these two stark choices. Institutional arrangements, according to Mumford are 'deeply embedded in the technology itself.' While Hardin's stark choice between two polar opposites has been refuted in research revealing a great diversity of institutional arrangements for commons governance, there has been little systematic effort in examining the diversity of technological arrangements as they relate to politics in general and commons governance in particular. What this paper undertakes is to begin this effort by borrowing the insights and methods from institutional analysis. I examine a variety of examples in both natural resource and new commons through the lens of the Institutional Analysis and Development framework, highlighting the effect of technologies on access, control, information, and monitoring. As a result, I argue that technological arrangements are more varied and complex in terms of their political effects than suggested by Mumford, and that commons researchers and policy makers should have specific concern with the role of technologies in commons governance."Conference Paper Mboscudas Access to Justice and Promotion of Land Rights for the Mbororos of the North West of Cameroon(2008) Fon, Robert Nso; Ndamba, Musa"The Mbororo Pastoralist Indigenous peoples are cattle herders who migrated into Cameroon in 1905 and live mostly on hill tops where they graze their cattle in a purely traditional manner, migrating from place to place especially during transhumance. Their desire to acquire, own and exploit land for grazing is therefore their paramount interest. The quest for grazing land in an environment of increasing population of farmers puts the Mbororos on daily conflicts with their neighboring farmers. "Cameroon has very good laws on paper but the implementation of these laws leaves much to be desired. In January 1996, Cameroon had a new constitution, which is still operational today. The 1996 constitution provides inter alia that the state shall ensure the protection of minorities and shall preserve the rights of indigenous populations in accordance with the law. This provision of the constitution not withstanding, nothing has been done by the state to protect and preserve the rights of the Mbororo minority indigenous population. The Mbororos being mostly illiterates have limited access to public services and reduced knowledge of their rights. "The goal of MBOSCUDAs Access to Justice Programme in the North West of Cameroon is to design and drive a scheme that will support Mbororo communities to take up their citizenship and negotiate social justice for themselves through awareness creation of their rights and responsibilities while building their capacities to eventually secure these rights for themselves. The programme, which started in 2000, carried out a research on the psycho legal environment of the Mbororos, carried out community education campaigns on civil/civic rights and responsibilities, recruited and trained community based paralegals (psycho-legal counselors) and community facilitators, provided legal representation in Law courts to victims of human rights abuses, Monitored and supervised community based paralegals and shared learning and successes between groups and communities. "The aim of this paper is to draw from this experience to protect common property rights and will focus in its elaboration on one or two specific cases."Conference Paper The Importance of Local Networks for Solving Land Fragmentation Problems in Bulgaria(2008) Dirimanova, Violeta"Bulgaria as one of the transition countries in the Central and Eastern Europe has been conducted a land policy which aimed to give back user rights to individual owners and to privatize the physical assets from collective farms. The restitution of ownership rights has led to land fragmentation in ownership and use. The aim of this paper, in one side, is to investigate how land fragmentation in term affects contract arrangements between landowners and land users, and, on the other side, to demonstrate how local networks, informal and formal, solves land fragmentation problem. In order to explain the processes affected by land fragmentation it will be employed agricultural contract theory and social capital. First, the article reviews the appropriateness of each theory. Second, analyzes different informal and formal contract arrangements among landowners and land users by employed case study approach, and third, evaluates the role of local networks for solving land fragmentation. "The main argument in the article is that fragmented ownership generates high costs of searching for owners as well as high costs of contracting. Therefore, the informal contracts dominate among landowners and land users. The level of social capital is different between different actor groups: landowners, land users and local authority. Therefore, networks among three contractual groups were defined: first, among local/ absentee landowners and local farmers, second, among local landowners and outside framers through using local authority in the villages and third, among all land users. The findings lead to conclusion that local networks reduce costs of contracting even in a low trust/commutation environment among some of different groups of actors occurs. Also, local networks among different groups of actors are importance for solving land fragmentation."Conference Paper Working Places: Competing Claims to Land and Nature in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland(2008) Mackenzie, Fiona"Drawing on field work carried out over the past 13 years in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland, and with reference to the Land Reform (Scotland) Act where community rights to land are central, the paper explores how the North Harris Trust (NHT) is reworking rights to land and nature. The NHT took over ownership of the 55,000 acre North Harris Estate in 2003 and has been at the forefront of initiatives to work the land collectively. Specific initiatives have included working the wind as a source of renewable energy and working the wild in such a way as to decolonize conservationist prescriptions. Both sets of initiatives seek to achieve more socially just and sustainable futures. In terms of theory, the paper works with Michel Foucault's ideas of the norm and Judith Butlers (2004) exploration of the political possibilities that are created by disturbing the norm. I examine how the doing of a particular set of social relations, here pertaining to community land tenure, undoes prevailing neoliberal norms of property and nature that rely on privatisation and enclosure."Conference Paper The Challenges of Arctic Reindeer Herding: The Interface between Reindeer Herders Traditional Knowledge and Modern Understanding of the Ecology, Economy, Sociology and Management of Sami Reindeer Herding(2008) Eira, Inger Marie G.; Magga, Ole Henrik; Bongo, Mathis P.; Sara, Mikkel Nils; Mathiesen, Svein D.; Oskal, Anders"Sami reindeer herding is practiced in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia. More than 20 arctic indigenous peoples, herd reindeer in the circumpolar North including 100,000 herders and about 2.5 million semi- domesticated reindeer. Sami reindeer herding represents roughly one third of the worlds reindeer herding and its traditional practices, ancient in origin, represent models sustainable of exploitation and management northern terrestrial ecosystems that is based on in generations of traditional knowledge accumulated, conserved, developed and adapted to the climatic and administrative systems of the north. "Reindeer herders in the Arctic today face global challenges related to changes in their societies, including changes in traditional land use (loss of grazing land) and climate change. Simultaneously, there are restrictions on the practice of traditional knowledge, restrictions that could either turn reindeer herders into 'lawbreakers', or could make their societies more vulnerable to the changes at hand. "This paper reports preliminary results from the IPY EALAT project which adopts a novel methodological approach in analyzing the multi- functional nature of SÃ?Â?Ã?¡mi reindeer herding. The EALAT project is a multidisciplinary project research and it integrates research, outreach and education. "Recognizing that the ability to adapt to change is based on the traditional and indigenous knowledge base and traditional institutions within SÃ?Â?Ã?¡mi reindeer herding, it is decisive that modern reindeer herding regimes recognizes this as a starting point. This article exemplifies the challenges that traditional reindeer herding faces in the interface of traditional and modern understandings of the ecology, economy, sociology and management of reindeer herding in Finnmark, Norway. These aspects will be discussed in the light of the traditional organization of reindeer herding, the traditional handling of reindeer, animal welfare, slaughtering and food production and the knowledge base surrounding the livelihood. It is critical to empower indigenous peoples with the best technologies available that can be combined with indigenous knowledge for advancing the development of sustainable development of reindeer herding. It is essential therefore that education and management institutions are transformed in order that they are able to use and understand reindeer herders traditional knowledge."Conference Paper Promoting Sustainable Human Settlements and Eco-City Planning Approach: Southeastern Anatolia Region and Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP)(2008) Acma, Bulent"In the recent years, there have been many opportunities flourishing through the development of Turkey. One of these is unvalued rich agricultural and hydro-sources in the Southeastern Anatolia Region. The Southeastern Anatolia Project (GAP), one of the most important projects to develop the remarkable natural resources of the world, is considered as a chance to make use of rich water and agricultural resources of the Southeastern Anatolia Region. In the recent years, the concept of promoting sustainable human settlements and eco-city planning approach have been included into the GAP Project. And by applying these concepts in real projects caused remarkable results through development of the region. The aim of this study is analyze the concepts of promoting sustainable human settlements and eco-city planning approach in the GAP Project that has been still processed. In the first section, the region of Southeastern Anatolia and the GAP Project will be introduced briefly. In the second section, the stages of GAP Project and the project existing will be analyzed. In the third section, the projects and sub-projects used for promoting sustainable human settlements will be introduced. In the last and fourth section, a series of policies and strategies for providing the process of settlements which is optimal and harmonizes with eco-system will be given."Conference Paper Park in Crisis: Local Governance and National Policy(2008) Moeliono, Moira; Purwanto, EdyFrom Introduction: "The case of the Kutai National Park is a clear example. Already partly degraded by the fires of 1997-1998, by illegal logging, hunting and large scale encroachment by migrants, the park is in critical condition. Some 23,000 hectares is being proposed by the local government to be excised from the park and become part of district territory. At stake is the future of the park and its high value biodiversity such as the orang utan, proboscis monkey and several increasingly rare timber species set against the livelihoods of local people and a rich deposit of high quality coal. "Is there hope for the park? Will excising 23,712 hectare save the remaining 174,917 hectares? This is a question being studied by a task team mandated to facilitate a solution. The task team has to find a balance in a situation rife with conflicting interests: land and resource use; conservation and development; ethnic competition between Bugis migrants and indigenous Dayaks and Kutai; and local politicians making use of the case for election purposes, between the national government in name of conservation of public goods and the local government which translates responsibility for development into extraction of resources by the highest bidder. "Set against this background, the paper will discuss the different understandings of conservation, the exclusive status of protected areas, and the role of the different stakeholders. The paper will finish with some suggestions for a more inclusive and participatory conservation and park management."