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Conference Paper Tale of Two Islands: An Evolution of Coastal Resources Management in the Philippines(2004) Ferrer, Elmer M."This paper is an attempt to trace the evolution of coastal resources management, and community-based coastal resources management (CBCRM) in particular, in the Philippines. It begins with reviewing written accounts of two marine reserves considered to be pioneering experiments in coastal resources management. The paper then proceeds to distinguish key features between integrated coastal management (ICM) and CBCRM as two distinct tracks/approaches to coastal resources management (CRM). The paper ends with key challenges that we face in pursuing CBCRM."Conference Paper La Corresponsabilidad Ambiental en el Sureste Mexicano: Procesos para la Participacion Social en la Gestion de los Recursos Naturales(2004) Currie-Alder, Bruce"Segun la legislacion mexicana 'el Gobierno Federal deberia promover la participacion corresponsable de la sociedad en... la politica ambiental y de recursos naturales.' (Art. 157, DOF 1988). En los ultimos anos se han iniciado varios procesos participativos donde la gestion de los recursos naturales es compartida entre el gobierno y la sociedad civil. Este estudio reune las perspectivas de personas involucradas en tres de estos procesos en el sureste mexicano incluyendo el Consejo de Cuenca para los rios Grijalva Usumacinta enfocado en los recursos hidricos, el Consejo Consultivo para el Desarrollo Sustentable enfocado en la politica ambiental y el Consejo Consultivo para la Laguna de Terminos enfocado en la conservacion de una area natural protegida. Se entrevisto a 35 personas -- 7 mujeres y 28 hombres -- que forman parte de estos procesos con el fin de entender como funciona la participacion en la practica, promover una reflexion entre los y las participantes sobre sus experiencias, e identificar oportunidades de aprendizaje mutuo entre los procesos estudiados. "Por cada uno de los procesos participativos estudiados en este informe, se describe la problematica general que enfrentan, el origen, proposito y estructura del proceso, y un analisis de las perspectivas de los participantes. Estos procesos no son perfectos; sin embargo son entre las estrategias mas equitativas que conocemos para enfrentar las multiples demandas sobre los recursos naturales. El informe identifica oportunidades para mejorar cada proceso y avanzar en el desarrollo sustentable para beneficio de toda la sociedad mexicana. En general, cinco paso para fomentar una cultura de participacion son: (1) crear un compromiso comun en los diferentes niveles de gobierno, (2) considerar las motivaciones de los interesados, (3) fomentar la discusion sobre el proposito de proceso y de la participacion de los interesados, (4) crear estructuras horizontales, y (5) establecer mecanismos de transparencia y representabilidad. La existencia de tales procesos es parte de una nueva cultura de participacion que esta naciendo donde las y los ciudadanos toman un rol activo en los procesos que anteriormente eran una responsabilidad exclusiva del gobierno. Aunque el gobierno sigue administrando estos recursos en nombre de la ciudadanea, en la actualidad, la sociedad civil se convierte cada dea mas en un socio corresponsable del cuidado y la continuidad de los recursos naturales."Conference Paper Interações e Representações em Relação a Apropriação Social dos Recursos Naturais: O Caso do Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe Rs(2004) Knoller Adomilli, Gianpaolo"Este artigo trata da relação entre a gestão ambiental em Parques e ReservasNaturais e as populações que habitam essas áreas, procurando analisar a problemáticasocioambiental referente ao caso do Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe. Primeiramente, trata-se de situar as Políticas de Parques Nacionais, demonstrando deque forma suas bases estão fundamentadas em noções modernas sobre o mundo natural,como também em uma visão específica do caso brasileiro, sendo que ambas seperpassam e estruturam uma determinada lógica. "A seguir, analisa-se o caso do Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe, privilegiandoo encontro entre uma comunidade de pescadores, habitantes da área de proteção, ondemantém práticas tradicionais na sua atividade, e a comunidade moderna de ParquesNacionais, representada pelo IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente eRecursos Naturais Renováveis), órgão federal que elabora e executa a política de gestãode parques e reservas. Os pescadores locais apresentam um conjunto específico depráticas sociais e simbólicas, que configuram entre si, a partir do ambiente em quevivem; enquanto a política de Parques Nacionais propriamente dita, fundamenta-se emuma noção moderna de meio ambiente, sendo representada por grupos urbanoindustriais(pesquisadores, ecologistas e administradores). Esta noção está relacionada àpreocupação destes grupos com o processo de degradação ambiental em nível mundial,inserindo-se em uma política relacionada à globalização, ou seja, uma políticainternacional sobre o meio, misturando um caráter instrumental de manutenção deecossistemas considerados ameaçados, com uma visão romantizada acerca da natureza.Não se trata de voltar ao passado ou recuperar valores do passado, mas de umalógica moderna de espacializar o mundo para construir nichos de 'permanência',literalmente, para manutenção do ecossistema. "Considerando o processo de interação dos pescadores com a sociedadedominante, principalmente no que se refere à ação do Estado, representado peloIBAMA, leva-se em conta o contexto de injunções de mudanças, inseridas no âmbitodas relações entre globalização e diversidade cultural. Portanto, convém ressaltar que oprocesso de transformação global da sociedade dialoga com as práticas sociais concretasde cada segmento que, por sua vez, apresentam trajetórias particulares, remodeladaspelas relações sociais que vão sendo estabelecidas. Ao enfocar tensões entre Modernidade e Tradição, se esboçam questões sobrecomo idéias e representações diferenciais sobre o uso dos recursos naturais, construídasculturalmente, dialogam, circulam, de um grupo para o outro, estabelecendo ligações erupturas entre eles, gerando conflitos e difundindo valores."Conference Paper Compromised Co-management, Compromised Outcomes: Experiences from a Zimbabwean Forest(2004) Mapedza, Everisto"Zimbabwe embarked on decentralization of forestry resources after the 'success' ofdevolved management of wildlife through the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE). This paper looks at theoutcomes of the introduction of co-management in the Mafungautsi Forest in Zimbabwe. Decentralization through co-management introduced new institutional arrangements, which have resulted in a shift of the power loci and relationships. Co-management in the Mafungautsi has not devolved meaningful powers to the newinstitutions. This has meant that the new institutions are upwardly accountable to the forestry department than they are towards their constituencies - whose interests they are supposed to advance. In the Mafungautsi, this has resulted in negative environmental, social, economic and ecological outcomes. Having realized that co- management was not meeting their needs, the local actors resolved to use the various weapons at their disposal to counter the powers of the forest department. These tools in the Mafungautsi have included arson, increased poaching and the starting of fires in the forest area. The results from the Mafungautsi case study in Zimbabwe demonstrate that decentralization, which establishes institutions that are upwardly accountable to the centre, is more likely to result in negative environmental outcomes."Conference Paper Gestão e Percepção Ambiental na Estação Ecológica de Juréia-Itatins (SP/Brasil)(2004) Ferreira Peixoto, Carolina"A Estação Ecológica de Juréia-Itatins é uma unidade de conservação de uso indireto que apresenta conflitos sociais decorrentes da proibição jurídica frente à ocupação humana no interior de uma área natural protegida de uso restrito. Sob esse aspecto, o presente projeto pretende verificar se esses conflitos são potencializados devido às diferentes percepções ambientais dos distintos grupos sociais que atuam nesta unidade de conservação. "O quadro teórico desta investigação está apoiado nas considerações de Yi-Fu Tuan (1980) sobre as relações humanas com o meio ambiente através de suas percepções, atitudes e valores; nas considerações de Olivier Godard (1997) sobre gestão integrada dos recursos naturais e do meio ambiente, a qual envolve decisões negociadas e ação conjunta de gestores e atores sociais de interesses diversificados. Abordagens geográficas de conceitos como espaço, paisagem, território e lugar amparam a discussão a ser realizada neste estudo. "A pesquisa envolve revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa de campo referendada em Whyte (1977), que apresenta uma série de métodos concernentes a estudos de percepção ambiental, alguns deles utilizados nessa pesquisa."Conference Paper Building Knowledge and Facilitating Learning through Adaptive Community Forest Management(2004) Nayak, Prateep Kumar"The theme of the paper is a set of conceptual frameworks that discusses how conservation and management knowledge develops, and how this knowledge is acquired by the local resource management systems through a continuous process of adaptation. It also examines the process of knowledge building as an integral part of adaptive co-management. Through analysis of certain bases of adaptive Community Forest Management (CFM) and various modes through which the process of adaptation occurs, the paper argues with examples that the entire process of adaptation is actually synonymous to creation and acquisition of knowledge by the Community Based Resource Conservation and Management (CBRCM) systems. It emphasizes that the management systems learn through their actions in an evolutionary manner and that this learning is a conscious process. New or modified knowledge and learning make adaptation a creative response to developments in the micromacro environment and a part of their coping approach to deal with uncertainties. The discussions in the paper primarily revolve around both social-institutional and ecological processes in collaborative and participatory forest management with specific reference to India."Conference Paper Parques Nacionales en el Escenario de la Guerra contra las Drogas y el Terrorismo: Impactos Sobre la Gobernabilidad Local en la Política de Participación Social en la Conservación Colombia(2004) Andrés Ospina, Guillermo"De acuerdo con la Constitución Política de Colombia, los Parques Nacionales Naturales son considerados como patrimonio colectivo de los todos los colombianos. Durante la última década, la política ambientalista del país ha dado un giro en el enfoque cambiando de una visión naturalista de los ecosistemas idealizados como 'prístinos' los cuales debían ser conservados libres de la intervención humana, hacia una visión que considera a las poblaciones locales como el sustento primordial para la conservación dentro de un esquema de participación social. En esta ponencia se intentan abordar las siguientes situaciones específicas: primero, que los Parques Nacionales han venido siendo 'privatizados' durante las últimas décadas debido a procesos de colonización incentivados en parte por la demanda de materias primas para los mercados de drogas ilícitas; segundo, que estas áreas han sido apropiadas por parte de grupos armados como escenarios geopolíticos controlados desde la ilegalidad en el marco de la guerra por el territorio y de rutas de movilidad; y tercero, que los Parques Nacionales son el objetivo actual de políticas transnacionales desde un marco global de guerra contra las drogas y el terrorismo en detrimento de los principios fundamentales de la soberanía de las sociedades locales para manejar sus territorios y recursos naturales."Conference Paper Dinámica Regional, Sociedad Campesina y Gestión de Recursos Hídricos: El Caso de la Cuenca del Río Espíritu Santo en San Miguel Chimalapas(2004) Ciesas-Istmo, Yanga Villagómez V."El territorio indígena, entendido como un espacio apropiado y valorado por los pueblos autóctonos, ha sido el resultado de la transformación socio-productiva y de la aplicación del conocimiento técnico para que los grupos sociales se apropien del medio natural que los rodea. "Sin embargo, la búsqueda continua de nuevas oportunidades económicas, al diseño y ejecución de políticas de 'desarrollo' diseñadas desde las distintas agencias gubernamentales, con sus exclusiones forzadas y los consecuentes problemas agrarios que aun persisten, etc..., parecen afectar cada vez más a las culturas indígenas. "Por tal motivo, se ha vuelto necesario dotar a estos pueblos de una serie de metodologías aplicadas al manejo de sus recursos naturales, bajo las distintas propuestas que se realizan como planes de manejo de cuencas, o de ordenamiento territorial. Además de que son estos pueblos los que han mantenido un conocimiento del manejo de estos recursos colectivos -selvas, bosques, acuíferos-, lo que les ha permitido desarrollar mecanismos de cohesión social para mantenerse y reproducirse como sociedad. "Ahora bien, los retos que se presentan para las comunidades indígenas es realizar una serie de programas que les permitan no sólo una relación de conservación de esos recursos naturales que se encuentran en su territorio, sino también obtener una serie de beneficios por realizar dicha tarea. "Lo anterior es más relevante si se considera la estrecha relación entre los territorios indígenas y las áreas estratégicas para la conservación de la biodiversidad en México, donde la mitad de los ejidos y comunidades indígenas, se localiza justamente en los 10 estados de la República mexicana considerados los más ricos en términos biológicos. "Oaxaca es un estado que concentra una diversidad étnica que puede presentarse como ejemplo en esta relación entre sociedad recursos colectivos - territorialidad."Conference Paper Participation and Decentralized Forest Management: Social Effects of Local Government Initiatives(2004) Larson, Anne; Zeledon, Virginia"This article is based on research undertaken in eight Nicaraguan municipalities (Bonanza, Chichigalpa, Dipilto, El Castillo, EstelaÃ?Â, Mozonte, Siuna and Tola), as well as an analysis of several laws and institutions at the national level. The case studies involved in-depth interviews with local and central government officials, local resource users and NGO and project officials. The municipalities were chosen to include those representing the three most important forestry contexts in the country: deforested areas (3), pine forests (2) and broad-leaf forests (3), as well as municipalities both with and without protected areas. In particular we selected municipalities that had clearly taken some kind of initiatives in the forestry sector, whether these were beneficial or not for forests or local people. Based on these case studies, this article examines the types of local forestry initiatives being promoted, the effects on resource users and the role of local participation in municipal government decisions. Though the research is preliminary, the results suggest a clear correlation between effective participation and the absence of corruption or elite capture by logging companies, but participation alone does not guarantee positive results for resource users. One of the most important factors found to adversely affect these local actors is a dominant ideology of conservation that sees resource users as the problem in deforestation. The research suggests that the main initiatives providing direct, positive benefits for local resource managers were those that took the resource users themselves as their starting point for intervention. The next section of this paper discusses the theoretical benefits of decentralization and some of the problems found with its implementation in practice. The ensuing section briefly presents the legal and institutional framework of forestry in Nicaragua. The following section presents the findings from the case studies. This is followed by the conclusions."Conference Paper Governing Common Pool Resources in Cuban Coastal Zones: Transitions, Ambiguities and the Revolution(2004) Doyon, Sabrina"Common pool resource analysis has been mainly based on the study of determined set of independent variables, which now include a more in-depth study of communities (Ostrom 1990; Wade 1994). Indeed, a renewed interest in integrated, community-based resource management, and especially coastal resource management after the 1992 Rio conference stimulated this trend. However, for some of these studies, the notion of community is taken for granted and its analysis does not include an in-depth study of community characteristics. Instead it remains focused mainly on a vision of communities as homogenous units formed by individuals who share common values, interests and ideologies. Another shortcoming of common pool resource studies is linked to the fact that they have been mostly conducted in western capitalist countries without sufficient comparative attention to their socialist counterparts. "This paper hopes to redress those shortcomings with the particular case of Cuba. It will do so by analysing the ambiguities in common pool resources management in the country since the beginning of the Revolution in 1959. Since that time, there have been many transitions in the tenure system, from private to collective, common, and State owned natural resources, which have led to many uncertainties and ambiguities as to how natural resources tenure is perceived, who can use resources, and how they should be managed within the population in general, and in local communities, the State, and its institutions and representatives. These changes and different perceptions and practices regarding natural resources have a direct impact on environmental conservation. Based on an anthropological political ecology approach (Doyon 2002, 2003), this paper is intended as a contribution to common pool resource governance studies by showing the importance of considering inter-scale relationships and the larger social, political and economic context in the study of local uses of common pool coastal resources, and of taking into account the role played by community diversity, politics, power forces, and agencies in this process (Agrawal 2003). "Such an approach is necessary because most of the Cuban social sciences studies have been oriented toward the study of issues linked to the economic and political situation of the country from a structural perspective. They tend to remain at the level of theoretical and statistical debates, without 'on the ground' data (Baloyra & Morris 1993; Monreal 1999). As a result, little work has been done on environmental issues in a social perspective looking at common pool resource governance questions. However, there has been significant environmental deterioration in the country, which is in part due to changes in the property rights system. Starting in the 1900s with the independence process and the expansion of the sugar cane industry, environmental deterioration increased radically with the 1959 Revolution, and transformations in the use of natural resources took place alongside industrial production, with the financial and technical assistance of the Soviets (Bethell 1993). Since the 1990s and the severe crisis induced by the collapse of the ex-communist bloc, environmental destruction has increasingly affected the general population, and more particularly rural communities who depend heavily on natural resources for their survival (Skidmore 1997). Deforestation, soil erosion, water contamination, and biodiversity loss threaten the countrys socio-environmental equilibrium, and particularly affect coastal regions (Díaz-Briquets & Pérez-López 2000). "Based on the case of the coastal community of Las Canas, the analysis will present how the concept of common pool resources has been subjected to different transitions over time and how, since the Revolution, the State has not resolved the ambiguities in its various meanings. I will then outline how, with the crisis of the 1990s, the population of Las Canas has capitalized on these ambiguities and turned them into opportunities for the use and exploitation of coastal natural resources. Finally, I will expose how the States rationalization process and the introduction of conservation incentives with the help of external aid agencies are trying to resolve past ambiguities and to redress common pool resources governance. But first, let us consider how common pool resource studies can be enriched by an anthropological political ecology perspective."