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Conference Paper Comparing Forest Commons in Norway and Sweden Part I: What is to be Compared(1996) Berge, Erling"The paper will outline the history and legal foundation of a property rights regime to natural resources in Norway called 'Bygde Commons.' It will be contrasted with a different system of 'State Commons' and with the system in Sweden."Journal Article Democracia y Desarrollo: La Busqueda Compartida de Soluciones(2004) Gijsbers, Wim"Leon Janssen es integrante de una consultoria, que asesora al gobierno de Holanda en planeacion ambiental, mientras que su colega Marco Janssen -tambien holandes, pero no familia- es investigador, colaborando con la doctora Elinor Ostrom en la Universidad de Indiana, EUA. Participando en la conferencia mundial sobre Recursos de Uso Comun, el pasado mes de agosto en Oaxaca, ambos visitaron comunidades de la Sierra Norte, hechos que les hicieron reflexionar sus propios criterios sobre participacion, motivacion y desarrollo. Leon: 'En Nuevo Zoquiapam, los campesinos buscan un equilibrio en el uso de sus recursos naturales, como el bosque, agua, peces y su agricultura. No se consideran pobres. Esta actitud solo ocurre con una motivacion interna, que acepta ciertas diferencias en bienestar.' Marco esta impactado por los logros en los Pueblos Mancomunados, resultado de un orgullo y una coherencia social. "Los dos investigadores buscan entender el por que de cambios economicos, ambientales y sociales dentro de la globalizacion mundial. Leon quien visita Oaxaca por segunda vez, observa cambios fuertes aqui: 'Al parecer, los oaxaquenos son mas ricos que hace diez anos. Hay mas carros, 'todo el mundo' tiene television y telefono celular, cosas materiales que en Holanda tambien queremos. Sin embargo, Ã?¿como se relacionan estos logros materiales con las perdidas culturales y ambientales?' Estos nuevos valores y desarrollos tienen consecuencias para las ciencias, suponiendo un compromiso social que estas tengan. Marco: 'Tenemos que mostrar a los estudiantes la diversidad de respuestas que encontramos entre los distintos pueblos en el mundo.'"Conference Paper Government Intervention into Saami Reindeer-Management in Norway: Has it Prevented or Provoked 'Tragedy of the Commons'?(1995) Berg, Bard A."In this paper I have nevertheless chosen to follow Otar Brox's recommendation: To apply the CPT as a constructed, analytical tool (while always having the problem mentioned above in the back of my mind). The test of this tool must obviously be whether it can be used a) to detect and explain important empirical differences, or b) to construct viable practical solutions to real problems of a 'commons'. "Being a Saami, working for a Saami research institute, I might be expected to use the CPT to advocate Saami reindeer-management interests. I do not consider my scientific findings 'objective' (in a Weberian sense), and I accept that my reasons for doing research in this particular field, my choice of methods, interview objects etc. to a large extent depends on the fact that I am a Saami, and wish to do research that gains my people."Conference Paper Representing Communities: The Case of a Community-Based Watershed Management Project in Rajasthan, India(1998) Ahluwalia, Meenakshi"In the Indian development policy context there is increasing concern about why community-based natural resource management projects fail to achieve their expected levels of equity or sustainability (Saint, 1995; Kerr, 1996). Such community-based approaches are themselves a departure from earlier policies which tended to be based solely on state priorities, treating natural resource management as a technical and administrative issue, rather than a socio-economic and political one (Pretty and Shah, 1996), and focusing on large-scale projects such as large dams, reservoirs and canal systems (CSE, 1985). The high social and environmental costs of such schemes, now well- documented, have been an important stimulus in a shift evident since the 1980's towards small-scale community based projects. "In this context, donors, governmental and non-governmental organisations (NGO's) are currently investing heavily in participatory watershed development. Widely cited project examples include the Sukhmajri project (Chopra, 1990) and the Relagaon Sindhi Project (Deshpande and Reddy, 1991). NWDPRA is a well-funded endeavour undertaken by central and the state governments with the objective of involving people in project planning, implementation and maintenance, over 99 districts in 16 states. World Bank-funded integrated watershed development projects have also been launched, covering 94 watersheds. "Emerging critiques of such projects highlight how, for instance, farmers are used as labourers for construction or the interests of the weaker sections of society are overlooked so that they bear the labour burden of the projects for little benefit (Sharma, 1995). Some schemes have floundered in the face of local resource conflicts. In other cases, farmers accept otherwise unsuitable programmes because they offer a short-term source of income and access to subsidies, but resource management efforts are not sustained beyond the departure of the implementing agency (Sanghi, 1987; Pretty and Shah, 1996). Many of these problems can be traced to the misleading assumptions about 'community' and 'participation' informing these approaches. Certain commentators are now urging the need for greater attention to local ecological specificity, social organisation and institutions in natural resource management in the Indian context (e.g. Mosse, 1997). "This paper focuses on a community-based watershed project in Rajasthan to provide a better understanding of how social, institutional and ecological dynamics affect practical efforts to achieve community-based sustainable development. The paper applies the tools of environmental entitlements analysis in a project evaluation mode to explore how people's different endowments and entitlements to natural resources, as influenced by institutions, affect their experience of watershed development interventions. The paper also considers whether social actors' differential abilities to overcome the transaction costs that they face make it viable for them to invest in institutions and environmental management in the ways expected by the project."Conference Paper The Grammar of Institutions: The Challenge to Distinguish Between Norms and Rules(2008) Schlüter, Achim; Theesfeld, Insa"This paper discusses the grammar of institutions developed by Sue Crawford and Elinor Ostrom and tries to show avenues where the grammar could be extended. One of the ambiguities in the grammar is the clear distinction between norms and rules. The paper compares the distinction made by Crawford and Ostrom with other distinctions made between norms and rules. Apart from minor additional criteria the distinction between rules and norms in the grammar is the or else statement. We argue that on the one hand, apart from routine based behaviour we can always assume an or else characterising institutional statements and, on the other hand, we are often not aware of the possible consequences of disobeying a rule and act due to internal and external emotional factors. Therefore, the distinction between norms and rules becomes difficult. We propose to draw a line between rules and norms based on the continuous seriousness of sanctionability of the or else, we distinguish between automated, internal and external emotional and more tangible fine sanctions. It is argued that internal and external emotional factors, the delta parameters in the language of the grammar, are the ones on which we should focus if we want to understand the reasons people follow or disobey an institutional statement."Journal Article Fundamental Re-thinking of Our Association is needed...(2007) Capistrano, Doris"The IASC is indeed a remarkable association; and it has been quite successful. Established with the modest goals of encouraging exchange of knowledge and experience among disciplines, between scholarship and practice, and promoting appropriate institutional design, it ended up contributing to the establishment of a new field of study on the commons. An unmistakable mark of the Association's success is the mainstreaming of its flagship themes and topics in professional conferences and disciplinary associations, including economics."Conference Paper Impact of Co-Management Agreements on the Exploitation and Productivity of Floodplain Lake Fisheries in the Lower Amazon(2002) Almeida, Oriana T."Community initiatives to regulate the exploitation of lake fisheries have proliferated in the lower Amazon, and may now be legalised as co-management agreements whereby the government endorses and enforces community rules. Most agreements aim to raise stock abundance and thereby the productivity of lake fisheries by limiting exploitation by larger, often external commercial boats as well as by local fishers. This study evaluates the perceived and actual impact of co-management agreements on fisheries exploitation and productivity by comparing lake fisheries within and outside agreements. A survey was conducted in 18 paired communities with and without co-management agreements (i.e. 9 pairs of a co-managed and non-managed fishery each). Rules in comanaged fisheries typically comprised restrictions on the use of gill nets, daily catch limits and limits on the size of boats. A total of 259 households (13 or 18 per community) were surveyed to estimate local fishing effort and catch. Non-managed fisheries were subject to additional fishing by external commercial boats which could not be quantified independently, but has been accounted for in the analysis. Results showed a reasonable degree of perceived and actual compliance within the communities with comanagement agreements. The productivity (catch per unit of effort) of managed fisheries was significantly higher, by about 60%, than that of non-managed fisheries even though no significant difference in household fishing effort was detected. An empirical model relating fishing effort and yield per unit area was derived for a sub-set of lakes (both managed and non-managed) where lake area could be clearly delineated and fishing was carried out predominantly by communities covered in the survey (i.e. excluding lakes shared by several communities). Fishing effort explained much of the variation in yield between lakes. Managed lakes showed significantly higher levels of yield and productivity (by about 70%) than non-managed lakes for the same level of fishing effort. This difference is likely to reflect the additional, non-quantified fishing effort and catch by external commercial boats in non-managed lakes. We conclude that the comanagement agreements have brought significant yield and productivity benefits to the communities implementing them, largely as a result of reduced commercial fishing by outsiders. The yield predictive model derived in this study provides a quantitative tool for assessing effects of effort regulation within co-management fisheries."Conference Paper The Erosion and Relocation of Local Resource Management Institutions in a Javanese Fishery(1993) Kendrick, Anita"This paper draws on a case study of one rapidly-developing fishing community in an attempt to explain this apparent lack of strong local resource management institutions for fisheries in Java. The increasing presence of central government authority, coupled with a Javanese cultural tradition that does not include a strong tradition of sea fishing, may have contributed to the erosion of existing local institutions for managing access to fishery resources and prevented the development of strong local management institutions as .an outcome of fisheries conflicts. It is argued that perhaps because of local people's inability to restrict access to the bay's fishery resources, new, informal local institutions, based on Javanese cultural traditions, have evolved for redistributing the fish catch once it reaches shore."Conference Paper Handmade Paper Value-Chain of Nepal: Prospects and Challenges in Growth, Distributional Equity and Conservation(2006) Subedi, Bhishma P.; Binayee, Surya; Gyawali, Sushil"This study examines the access of the actors along the value-chain of handmade paper markets in Nepal. The access has been found to be influenced not only by the existing policy provisions and implementation practices but also other factors including community structure, institutions, technology, finance, markets, knowledge and social relations. The industry has the potential to link thousands of rural poor into a remunerative value-chain providing economic incentives for sustainable harvesting, good governance and equity. The analysis of the growth and dynamics of this industry and existence of various innovative business practices shows a huge potential to improve the access of rural poor to Lokta resource, markets, technology, knowledge and finance, and in turn increase their productivity and income. Specific recommendations are made to improve policy and natural resources management and distributional equity, reduce poverty and promote good governance, while maintaining the growth of the industry."Conference Paper Review of Five Student Papers(1995) Low, Bobbi S.Papers reviewed include: (1) Dulcey L. Simpkins, Land Trusts: Common Pool Resources Face A Capitalist Context; (2) Melinda L. Graham, The Farmers Market Of Ann Arbor, Michigan: A Contemporary Urban Common Property Regime; (3) Christopher E. Morrow and Rebecca Watts Hull, Cofyal: The Rise And Fall Of An Indigenous Forestry Cooperative; (4) Mary Mitsos, The Breakdown Of The Commons And The Loss Of Saami Culture; (5) William D. Leach, Applying Common Property Theory To Suburban Resource Systems.