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Conference Paper The Tragedy of the Commoners: The Decline of the Customary Marine Tenure System of Tonga(2001) Malm, Thomas"The purpose of this paper is to outline how a rapid process of modernization, in combination with urbanization and population growth, have resulted in a breakdown of the traditional marine tenure systems and an over-exploitation of marine organisms. Although there are cases in Oceania where marine areas adjoining villages have remained under communal control even after having become legal Crown or state property in modern times, Tonga exemplifies how Crown/state ownership has come to replace communal ownership but been less able than the local communities to regulate the use of the marine resources."Conference Paper Comparing Forest Commons in Norway and Sweden Part I: What is to be Compared(1996) Berge, Erling"The paper will outline the history and legal foundation of a property rights regime to natural resources in Norway called 'Bygde Commons.' It will be contrasted with a different system of 'State Commons' and with the system in Sweden."Journal Article Democracia y Desarrollo: La Busqueda Compartida de Soluciones(2004) Gijsbers, Wim"Leon Janssen es integrante de una consultoria, que asesora al gobierno de Holanda en planeacion ambiental, mientras que su colega Marco Janssen -tambien holandes, pero no familia- es investigador, colaborando con la doctora Elinor Ostrom en la Universidad de Indiana, EUA. Participando en la conferencia mundial sobre Recursos de Uso Comun, el pasado mes de agosto en Oaxaca, ambos visitaron comunidades de la Sierra Norte, hechos que les hicieron reflexionar sus propios criterios sobre participacion, motivacion y desarrollo. Leon: 'En Nuevo Zoquiapam, los campesinos buscan un equilibrio en el uso de sus recursos naturales, como el bosque, agua, peces y su agricultura. No se consideran pobres. Esta actitud solo ocurre con una motivacion interna, que acepta ciertas diferencias en bienestar.' Marco esta impactado por los logros en los Pueblos Mancomunados, resultado de un orgullo y una coherencia social. "Los dos investigadores buscan entender el por que de cambios economicos, ambientales y sociales dentro de la globalizacion mundial. Leon quien visita Oaxaca por segunda vez, observa cambios fuertes aqui: 'Al parecer, los oaxaquenos son mas ricos que hace diez anos. Hay mas carros, 'todo el mundo' tiene television y telefono celular, cosas materiales que en Holanda tambien queremos. Sin embargo, Ã?¿como se relacionan estos logros materiales con las perdidas culturales y ambientales?' Estos nuevos valores y desarrollos tienen consecuencias para las ciencias, suponiendo un compromiso social que estas tengan. Marco: 'Tenemos que mostrar a los estudiantes la diversidad de respuestas que encontramos entre los distintos pueblos en el mundo.'"Conference Paper Government Intervention into Saami Reindeer-Management in Norway: Has it Prevented or Provoked 'Tragedy of the Commons'?(1995) Berg, Bard A."In this paper I have nevertheless chosen to follow Otar Brox's recommendation: To apply the CPT as a constructed, analytical tool (while always having the problem mentioned above in the back of my mind). The test of this tool must obviously be whether it can be used a) to detect and explain important empirical differences, or b) to construct viable practical solutions to real problems of a 'commons'. "Being a Saami, working for a Saami research institute, I might be expected to use the CPT to advocate Saami reindeer-management interests. I do not consider my scientific findings 'objective' (in a Weberian sense), and I accept that my reasons for doing research in this particular field, my choice of methods, interview objects etc. to a large extent depends on the fact that I am a Saami, and wish to do research that gains my people."Conference Paper Impact of Co-Management Agreements on the Exploitation and Productivity of Floodplain Lake Fisheries in the Lower Amazon(2002) Almeida, Oriana T."Community initiatives to regulate the exploitation of lake fisheries have proliferated in the lower Amazon, and may now be legalised as co-management agreements whereby the government endorses and enforces community rules. Most agreements aim to raise stock abundance and thereby the productivity of lake fisheries by limiting exploitation by larger, often external commercial boats as well as by local fishers. This study evaluates the perceived and actual impact of co-management agreements on fisheries exploitation and productivity by comparing lake fisheries within and outside agreements. A survey was conducted in 18 paired communities with and without co-management agreements (i.e. 9 pairs of a co-managed and non-managed fishery each). Rules in comanaged fisheries typically comprised restrictions on the use of gill nets, daily catch limits and limits on the size of boats. A total of 259 households (13 or 18 per community) were surveyed to estimate local fishing effort and catch. Non-managed fisheries were subject to additional fishing by external commercial boats which could not be quantified independently, but has been accounted for in the analysis. Results showed a reasonable degree of perceived and actual compliance within the communities with comanagement agreements. The productivity (catch per unit of effort) of managed fisheries was significantly higher, by about 60%, than that of non-managed fisheries even though no significant difference in household fishing effort was detected. An empirical model relating fishing effort and yield per unit area was derived for a sub-set of lakes (both managed and non-managed) where lake area could be clearly delineated and fishing was carried out predominantly by communities covered in the survey (i.e. excluding lakes shared by several communities). Fishing effort explained much of the variation in yield between lakes. Managed lakes showed significantly higher levels of yield and productivity (by about 70%) than non-managed lakes for the same level of fishing effort. This difference is likely to reflect the additional, non-quantified fishing effort and catch by external commercial boats in non-managed lakes. We conclude that the comanagement agreements have brought significant yield and productivity benefits to the communities implementing them, largely as a result of reduced commercial fishing by outsiders. The yield predictive model derived in this study provides a quantitative tool for assessing effects of effort regulation within co-management fisheries."Conference Paper The Erosion and Relocation of Local Resource Management Institutions in a Javanese Fishery(1993) Kendrick, Anita"This paper draws on a case study of one rapidly-developing fishing community in an attempt to explain this apparent lack of strong local resource management institutions for fisheries in Java. The increasing presence of central government authority, coupled with a Javanese cultural tradition that does not include a strong tradition of sea fishing, may have contributed to the erosion of existing local institutions for managing access to fishery resources and prevented the development of strong local management institutions as .an outcome of fisheries conflicts. It is argued that perhaps because of local people's inability to restrict access to the bay's fishery resources, new, informal local institutions, based on Javanese cultural traditions, have evolved for redistributing the fish catch once it reaches shore."Conference Paper Review of Five Student Papers(1995) Low, Bobbi S.Papers reviewed include: (1) Dulcey L. Simpkins, Land Trusts: Common Pool Resources Face A Capitalist Context; (2) Melinda L. Graham, The Farmers Market Of Ann Arbor, Michigan: A Contemporary Urban Common Property Regime; (3) Christopher E. Morrow and Rebecca Watts Hull, Cofyal: The Rise And Fall Of An Indigenous Forestry Cooperative; (4) Mary Mitsos, The Breakdown Of The Commons And The Loss Of Saami Culture; (5) William D. Leach, Applying Common Property Theory To Suburban Resource Systems.Working Paper Geographical Factors and Efficiency of Institutional Forms in Forest Utilization(1989) Agrawal, ArunFrom Introduction: "In this paper, I will attempt to provide a theoretical justification for the proposition that collective management of forest resources by villagers in certain ecological environments under certain management objectives will be more efficient than private or government management and control of these resources.After all, at the heart of the debate on whether villagers can collectively protect their forest resources is the question of efficient management of these resources. I will use stylized facts from secondary sources to construct the ecological environment that I am interested in investigating. While this particular imaginary situation may not exist in reality, it will describe significant and relevant characteristics of large areas in the Middle Himalayas. Although existing case studies describe these features, usually in detail, they often fail to appreciate the manner in which these features mesh together."Journal Article Collective Action and the Risk of Ecosystem Regime Shifts: Insights from a Laboratory Experiment(2015) Schill, Caroline; Lindahl, Therese; Crépin, Anne-Sophie"Ecosystems can undergo regime shifts that potentially lead to a substantial decrease in the availability of provisioning ecosystem services. Recent research suggests that the frequency and intensity of regime shifts increase with growing anthropogenic pressure, so understanding the underlying social-ecological dynamics is crucial, particularly in contexts where livelihoods depend heavily on local ecosystem services. In such settings, ecosystem services are often derived from common-pool resources. The limited capacity to predict regime shifts is a major challenge for common-pool resource management, as well as for systematic empirical analysis of individual and group behavior, because of the need for extensive preshift and postshift data. Unsurprisingly, current knowledge is mostly based on theoretical models. We examine behavioral group responses to a latent endogenously driven regime shift in a laboratory experiment. If the group exploited the common-pool resource beyond a certain threshold level, its renewal rate dropped drastically. To determine how the risk of such a latent shift affects resource management and collective action, we compared four experimental treatments in which groups were faced with a latent shift with different probability levels (0.1, 0.5, 0.9, 1.0). Our results suggest that different probability levels do not make people more or less likely to exploit the resource beyond its critical potential threshold. However, when the likelihood of the latent shift is certain or high, people appear more prone to agree initially on a common exploitation strategy, which in turn is a predictor for averting the latent shift. Moreover, risk appears to have a positive effect on collective action, but the magnitude of this effect is influenced by how risk and probabilities are communicated and perceived."Conference Paper Maps, Metaphors, and Meanings: Boundary Struggles and Village Forest Use on Private and State Land in Malawi(2000) Walker, Peter A.; Peters, Pauline E."Recent studies have begun to closely examine social and cultural perceptions of spatial relationships, with particular attention to contests over boundaries. Counter mapping has emerged as a technique to represent local claims, but this approach creates tension between efforts to empower social groups and recognition that Western cartographic methods may inadequately represent complex socio-spatial ideas among non-Western peoples. Specifically, whereas recent studies emphasize contests over the legitimacy or location of boundaries, this paper presents case studies from Malawi illustrating equally important non -territorial contests over the meanings , the de facto rules and practices of boundaries. Complex strategies, embedded in local history and culture, have emerged involving efforts to untie resource rights from territorial claims. These strategies, which effectively seek to create a kind of de facto commons for specific resources on private and state land, would be poorly represented or even obscured by mapping efforts focused on (re-)drawing linear boundaries. This suggests a need for critical examination of the use of mapping and map metaphors in social analysis and practice."